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101.
Sequestration of Host Plant Glucosinolates in the Defensive Hemolymph of the Sawfly Athalia rosae 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Caroline Müller Niels Agerbirk Carl Erik Olsen Jean-Luc Boevé Urs Schaffner Paul M. Brakefield 《Journal of chemical ecology》2001,27(12):2505-2516
Interactions between insects and glucosinolate-containing plant species have been investigated for a long time. Although the glucosinolate–myrosinase system is believed to act as a defense mechanism against generalist herbivores and fungi, several specialist insects use these secondary metabolites for host plant finding and acceptance and can handle them physiologically. However, sequestration of glucosinolates in specialist herbivores has been less well studied. Larvae of the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae feed on several glucosinolate-containing plant species. When larvae are disturbed by antagonists, they release one or more small droplets of hemolymph from their integument. This reflex bleeding is used as a defense mechanism. Specific glucosinolate analysis, by conversion to desulfoglucosinolates and analysis of these by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, revealed that larvae incorporate and concentrate the plant's characteristic glucosinolates from their hosts. Extracts of larvae that were reared on Sinapis alba contained sinalbin, even when the larvae were first starved for 22 hr and, thus, had empty guts. Hemolymph was analyzed from larvae that were reared on either S. alba, Brassica nigra, or Barbarea stricta. Leaves were analyzed from the same plants the larvae had fed on. Sinalbin (from S. alba), sinigrin (B. nigra), or glucobarbarin and glucobrassicin (B. stricta) were present in leaves in concentrations less than 1 mol/g fresh weight, while the same glucosinolates could be detected in the larvae's hemolymph in concentrations between 10 and 31 mol/g fresh weight, except that glucobrassicin was present only as a trace. In larval feces, only trace amounts of glucosinolates (sinalbin and sinigrin) could be detected. The glucosinolates were likewise found in freshly emerged adults, showing that the sequestered phytochemicals were transferred through the pupal stage. 相似文献
102.
Caroline Hummels Kees C. J. Overbeeke Sietske Klooster 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2007,11(8):677-690
The world is inherently meaningful for us, i.e. we perceive the world in terms of what we can do with it, and by physically
interacting with it we access this meaning and express the meaning. We believe that this is the core reason and foundation
for turning to movement-based interaction. ‘Interaction creates meaning’ does not only hold for users during interaction but
also for designers when generating ideas and developing concepts. Therefore, we postulate that if one truly likes to design
for movement-based interaction, one has to be or become an expert in movement, not just theoretically, by imagination or on
paper, but by doing and experiencing while designing. In order to do so, we believe that designers need design tools, techniques,
knowledge, awareness and skills that support their search for expressive, rich behaviour. Our search for this support resulted
in several methods, tools and knowledge that help designers exploring, visualising and reflecting on interactions. Our developed
methods and tools such as the Design Movement approach with its choreography of interaction, gestural design tools, interactive
installations and interactive tangible sketching, have not only supported and inspired designers to design for movement-based
interaction, but also resulted in surprising, fresh designs in comparison with the limited scope of rather uniform and traditional
electronic consumer products. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of our approach. 相似文献
103.
104.
Kazuyuki Chihara Caroline F. Mellot Anthony K. Cheetham Shani Harms Hirotaka Mangyo Masaki Omote Ryuichi Kamiyama 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2000,17(6):649-651
Equilibrium and isosteric heat of adsorption for the system of chloroform and USY-type zeolite were studied. The USY-type
zeolite (PQ Co., SiO2/Al2O3=70) was used both as a pure crystalline powder and as granulated particles with binder. Chloroform was reagent grade. The
adsorption equilibria were measured using a gravimetric method and were expressed as isotherms. A chromatographic method (i.e.
pulse response of chloroform through the USY column with helium carrier) was used to get the initial slope of the isotherms.
In the simulation, the GCMC method was used to calculate amounts adsorbed for various conditions. FF parameters were confidently
applied. And modified structure model was effective for simulation.
This paper was presented at The 5th International Symposium on Separation Technology-Korea and Japan held at Seoul between
August 19 and 21, 1999. 相似文献
105.
Simon M. M. Pedersen Caroline Nebel Niels Chr. Nielsen Henrik J. Andersen Johan Olsson Magnus Simrén Lena Öhman Ulla Svensson Hanne C. Bertram Anders Malmendal 《European Food Research and Technology》2011,233(6):1013-1021
In the present study, the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabonomics to characterize blood serum
in an intervention study of patients suffering from the common gastrointestinal disorder irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was
investigated. The patients included in the study consumed an acidified milk product with (n = 30) or without probiotics (n = 31) (Lactobacillus paracasei F19, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12) for an 8-week period, and blood serum samples were collected before and after the intervention. Acidified milk is
commonly used as a delivering vector for probiotics in commercial consumer settings. The serum samples were extracted and
derivatized using N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), and GC–MS analysis was carried out. Multivariate data analysis including principal
component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and S-plot was applied on the
obtained GC–MS data, which revealed higher serum lactate, glutamine, proline creatinine/creatine, and aspartic acid levels
and lower serum glucose levels after the intervention period for both treatment groups. Consequently, the present study indicated
an effect of acidified milk consumption on the plasma metabolite profile, which was independent of a concomitant intake of
probiotics. In addition, the present study demonstrates that GC–MS is a useful analytical technique for metabonomics studies
of blood serum. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
People often coordinate their actions with sequences that exhibit temporal variability and unfold at multiple periodicities. We compared oscillator- and timekeeper-based accounts of temporal coordination by examining musicians' coordination of rhythmic musical sequences with a metronome that gradually changed rate at the end of a musical phrase (Experiment 1) or at the beginning of a phrase (Experiment 2). The rhythms contained events that occurred at the same periodic rate as the metronome and at half the period. Rate change consisted of a linear increase or decrease in intervals between metronome onsets. Musicians coordinated their performances better with a metronome that decreased than increased in tempo (as predicted by an oscillator model), at both beginnings and ends of musical phrases. Model performance was tested with an oscillator period or timekeeper interval set to the same period as the metronome (1:1 coordination) or half the metronome period (2:1 coordination). Only the oscillator model was able to predict musicians' coordination at both periods. These findings suggest that coordination is based on internal neural oscillations that entrain to external sequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
109.
Caroline Danowski Volker Gravemeier Lena Yoshihara Wolfgang A. Wall 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2013,95(13):1053-1078
In the present work, a monolithic solution approach for thermo‐structure interaction problems motivated by the challenging application of the behaviour of rocket nozzles is proposed. Structural and thermal fields are independently discretised via finite elements. The resulting system of equations is solved via a monolithic thermo‐structure interaction scheme, which is constructed by a block Gauss–Seidel preconditioner in combination with algebraic multigrid methods. The proposed method is tested for four numerical examples, the second Danilovskaya problem, a simplified rocket nozzle configuration, an internally loaded hollow sphere, and a fully three‐dimensional nozzle configuration of a subscale thrust chamber. Good agreement of the numerical results with results from the literature is observed. Furthermore, it is shown that the monolithic solution algorithm can handle the complete range of the parameter spectrum, whereas partitioned algorithms are limited to a certain parameter range only. Moreover, the monolithic algorithm exhibits improved efficiency and robustness compared to partitioned algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Emilie Courcot Francis Rebillat Francis Teyssandier Caroline Louchet-Pouillerie 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2010,30(4):905-910
A thermodynamic study was carried out in order to quantify the stability of yttrium silicates under different atmospheres (argon, air, moisture), and to predict their behaviour as an EBC. For this purpose, the partial pressures of gaseous species formed during the reactive vaporization in equilibrium with yttrium silicates were evaluated and compared to those over each oxide taken separately. The partial pressures of silicon and rare earth hydroxides at the equilibrium over rare earth silicates are lower than those over each single oxide. Thus yttrium silicates appear to be sufficiently stable to be promising materials to be used as environmental barrier coatings. 相似文献