透过节能减排政策和制度看中国节能减排

随着世界人口的增长、现代工业的高速发展,不可再生资源遭到掠夺式开采、能源消耗几何级增长、环境污染程度大大超出了生态系统的承受能力。如何解决能源短缺与污染严重对经济和社会发展的影响已经成为世界性的难题,我国同样如此。因此,加强对节能减排体系的研究,对我国节能减排工作的开展具有非常重要的意义。对我国节能减排的政策和制度进行剖析,指出了我国节能减排政策、制度以及做法中存在的问题,并提出解决的方法。     

Simulation of catalytic fluidized bed reactors by a transient axial dispersion model with invariant physical properties and nonlinear chemical reactions

This paper presents a transient axial dispersion model for an isothermal, catalytic fluidized bed reactor, which is frequently employed in synthetic production processes including coal gasification and liquefaction. A non-linear chemical reaction is considered to occur in the reactor. This model of a fluidized bed reactor takes into account the axial dispersion in the three phases, bubble, cloud-wake and emulsion. The physical properties along the axial coordinate are invariant in the model. Transient characteristics of the gas reactant, and the length of the transient period have been examined based on the model. The model compares favorably with experimental data in the steady state condition.     

Transient behaviour of encapsulated enzyme reactor systems

Mathematical models are developed for the transient behaviour of encapsulated enzyme reactor systems such as the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the packed bed tubular reactor. The rate processes taking place in the encapsulated enzyme bed are approximated by using a combined rate control model of enzyme reaction and membrane diffusion. The change in transient substrate concentration is obtained by using the developed rate expression in the material balance over the substrate as a function of time for the CSTR and as a function of time and position for the packed bed tubular reactor. The effects of various parameters such as the enzymic reaction rate constant, Michaelis constant, diffusional resistance of membranes, and Peclet number on the substrate concentration distribution, which varies with respect to operating time, are investigated. This study affords insight into the transient operating characteristics of the encapsulated enzyme reactor system. The results should be useful in understanding the start-up performance of the reactor systems and to control such reactor systems at desired operating conditions.     

Experimental study on temperature stress calculation and temperature control optimization of concrete based on early age parameters

Temperature control curve is the key to achieving temperature control and crack prevention of high concrete dam during construction,and its rationality depends on the accurate measurement of temperature stress.With the simulation testing machine for the temperature stress,in the present study,we carried out the deformation process tests of concrete under three temperature curves：convex,straight and concave.Besides,we not only measured the early-age elastic modulus,creep parameters and stress process,but also proposed the preferred type.The results show that at early age,higher temperature always leads to greater elastic modulus and smaller creep.However,the traditional indoor experiments have underestimated the elastic modulus and creep development at early age,which makes the calculated value of temperature stress too small,thus increasing the cracking risk.In this study,the stress values of the three curves calculated based on the strain and early-age parameters are in good agreement with the temperature stress measured by the temperature stress testing machine,which verifies the method accuracy.When the temperature changes along the concave curve,the law of stress development is in consistent with that of strength.Under this condition,the stress fluctuation is small and the crack prevention safety of the concave type is higher,so the concave type is better.The test results provide a reliable basis and support for temperature control curve design and optimization of concrete dams.     

An efficient recursive rotational-coordinate-based formulation of a planar Euler–Bernoulli beam

Multibody System Dynamics - A recursive rotational-coordinate-based formulation of a planar Euler–Bernoulli beam is developed, where large displacements, deformations, and rotations are...     

Chaos synchronization with dual-channel time-delayed couplings

While the significance of oscillator dynamics and coupling structure to synchronization behaviors has been well addressed in the literature, little attention has been paid to the possible influence of coupling functions. In the present paper, adopting the scheme of dual-channel time-delayed couplings, we investigate how the synchronization behaviors of networked chaotic oscillators are influenced by parameters in the coupling functions. It is found that, with the introduction of the second coupling channel, the synchronization region, as calculated according to the method of master stability function (MSF), can be largely modified. In particular, by a slight change of the time delay, it is found that the synchronization region can be significantly adjusted, or even switched from non-existing to existing. We demonstrate this interesting phenomenon for both situations of processing and propagation induced time delays, as well as for different coupling functions. Our studies shed new light on the mechanism of chaos synchronization, and may potentially be used for the control of complex network dynamics.     

目标追求的入世和出世对框架效应的影响

采用目标追求的入世、出世量表筛选出入世水平高组(70名)和低组(72)大学生,出世水平高组(68名)和低组(71名)大学生,探讨不同入世、出世水平大学生在奖学金申请、选修课和求职应聘三种决策任务领域上的框架效应及其在性别上的特点。结果发现:(1)不同出入世水平大学生在决策任务上的框架效应特点不同,入世水平高分组和低分组、出世水平高分组和低分组在奖学金申请问题上均出现了经典的框架效应;(2)在奖学金申请问题上,男性被试和女性被试的选择出现了明显的经典的框架效应。     

Effect of substrate pretreatment on the porosity in thin nickel electrodeposits

Substrate pretreatment affects the porosity of thin nickel electrolytic coatings which is a combined function of the composition and the roughness of the substrate surface. Electropolishing the substrate surface is an effective method of reducing coating porosity, whereas coatings plated on either electroetched or mechanically ground substrates are relatively porous owing to the remaining oxide layer on the substrate and the increased roughness of the substrate. For nickel coatings plated on mechanically ground rough substrates, the relationship between nickel porosity, apparent coating thickness and substrate roughness has been examined.     

Sr对高铁Al-Si合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Sr元素（加入量分别为0．03％、0．06％、0．09％、0．12％和0．18％）对含Fe量为1．2％的ZL102合金的组织和性能的影响。研究发现，随着Sr元素的加入，合金中粗大的针状Fe相开始出现断裂分叉现象，同时针状Fe相的长度也随Sr元素加入量的增加而减小，但Sr对Fe相的针状形貌没有明显改变。随着Sr元素加入量逐渐增加，合金的抗拉强度和伸长率均呈现出先增后减的变化趋势。当Sr元素加入量达到0．12％时，合金材料的综合力学性能最佳。     

BREAKAGE MECHANISM OF TUNGSTEN BASED ALLOY BLOCK FOR ELECTRO-HEAT UPSETTING

The breakage mechanism of W-Ni-Fe alloy in the process of electro-heat upsetting studied both theoretically and experimetnally, and also the behaviors of crack formation and propagation were analysed. Alloy suffers from corrosion and thermal-mechanical fatigue mutual function. Simultaneously, the practical ways to improve the anvil life was discussed.