Complete liquification time test coupled with solvent fractionation technique to detect adulteration of foreign fats in ghee

Complete liquification time (CLT) test (min:s) exploits the physical property of milk fat as the time required by solid fat to melt completely at a defined temperature. It has been used to detect adulteration of groundnut oil and goat body fat when added singly and in combination with ghee. The Complete liquification time test for samples containing a combination of adulterants was carried out before and after solvent fractionation. The results revealed that adulterants added individually could be detected at higher levels (15%, w/w, groundnut oil in cow ghee; and 10%, w/w, goat body fat in buffalo ghee), while fractionation reduced the detection limit to lowest level (10%, w/w) used in this study.     

Hydrogenation effect on structural,electrical and optical properties of CdS thin films for solar cell

Adsorption effects would be expected to be of considerable importance with thin films because of the changes in electron location accompanying adsorption. The effects of hydrogenation on structural, optical and electrical properties of the CdS thin films have been reported. GIXRD patterns shows that films have polycrystalline nature with a hexagonal structure. The optical band gap increased after hydrogenation of the film. The variation of conductivity of CdS films have been investigated depending upon the applied voltage at room temperature. The resistivity increased after hydrogenation of the films. Hydrogenated thin films can be used in solar cells because hydrogen plays an important role to modify the physical properties.     

Experimental,CFD simulation and parametric studies on modified solar chimney for building ventilation

The solar chimney is a passive solar system which can be used for enhance the natural ventilation and space conditioning of a building. A solar chimney design is modified and installed at CBRI Roorkee (29.87° N 77.88° E), India. A Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is used for prediction of velocity and temperature in Modified solar chimney (MSC) and evaluating the Air Change per hour (ACH), which is validated through experimental and theoretical counterpart and found a good agreement between them. From the result of thermal performance analysis, it is found that MSC generates 2.39–7.13 ACH in experimental room in month of May 2013, when outdoor solar radiation was in the range of 250–612 W/m². Due to this ACH, the room temperature is dropped by 2–4°C as compared to reference room temperature. The parametric study shows that the optimum glass tilt angle estimated by 5 degree for highest performance consideration of MSC. The air gap is optimised by 60 mm and air gap to inlet opening height ratio is optimised by 0.2.     

Random preferences towards bioenergy environmental externalities: A case study of woody biomass based electricity in the Southern United States

This paper contrasts alternate methodological approaches of investigating public preferences, the random parameter logit (RPL) where tastes and preferences of respondents are assumed to be heterogeneous and the conditional logit (CL) approach where tastes and preferences remain fixed for individuals. We conducted a choice experiment to assess preferences for woody biomass based electricity in Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia. Reduction of CO₂ emissions and improvement of forest habitat by decreasing risk of wildfires and pest outbreaks were presented to respondents as attributes of using green electricity. The results indicate that heterogeneous preferences might be a better fit for assessing preferences for green electricity. All levels of both attributes were positive contributors to welfare but they were no statistically significant. Respondents expressed a positive mean marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for each attribute level. The total WTP for green electricity per kilowatt hour was $0.049 kWh or $40.5 per capita year^{− 1} when converted into future total annual expenditures.     

响应面法优化速凝型无机防水堵漏材料的配方研究

以R·SAC42.5和P·O42.5R为基料,白砂、石膏为填料,碳酸锂作促凝剂,添加干燥剂、减水剂和消泡剂,在单因素试验基础上,以材料的初凝时间为评价指标,经响应面法优化配方,制备一种环保、经济且性能优良的速凝型无机防水堵漏材料。结果表明,R·SAC42.5为180 g,P·O42.5R为40 g,白砂为35 g,碳酸锂为0.1 g的最佳用量时,材料的初凝时间为2 min,终凝时间为6 min;产品凝结快速、质地坚硬、稳定性和附着力好,完全符合国家标准规定的技术性能要求。在公路修补、建筑和地下工程的防水堵漏上实际应用前景广阔。     

Natural convection heat transfer from upward-facing plates in saline water

Saltwater or brackish water is used as a coolant in most industries. Therefore, understanding the heat transfer processes and hydrodynamics during the natural convection in saline water is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of a heat exchanger. This study elaborates on the natural convection heat transfer in saline water under atmospheric conditions. A DC power supply is used to regulate the power given to the heater in a liquid pool for thermal analysis. The pool liquid comprises solutions with varying salinity from 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 2%. The effect of varying salinity on the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal aspects encountered during the desalination process is analyzed. The temperature distribution across the surface of the heater is monitored using an infrared camera. It is studied for the solution of different salinities. The heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number are investigated during natural convection for normal water and salt solution of different concentrations. It is inferred from the study that in the regime of natural convection, there is no significant difference in the Nusselt number for normal water and saltwater for the lower value of temperature difference between the plate and pool. The heat transfer coefficient in 0.2% saline water is higher as compared to the other solutions.     

Use of tergitol-7 in photogalvanic cell for solar energy conversion and storage: Toluidine blue-glucose system

Photogalvanic effects were studied in a photogalvanic cell containing toluidine blue, glucose and tergitol-7 as a photosensitizer, reductant and surfactant, respectively. The photocurrent and photopotential generated by this system were 70 μA and 315 mV, respectively. The effects of different parameters on the electrical output of the cell were observed. Current/voltage characteristics of the cell have also been studied, and a mechanism has been proposed for the generation of photocurrent in photogalvanic cell.     

Transition from ploughing to cutting during machining with blunt tools

When machining at small depths of cut, metal flow near a rounded tool edge becomes important. It has been established that there is a critical depth of cut which signifies the onset of chip formation. The approximate analysis predicts the neutral point angle corresponding to this critical depth of cut to be 37.6°. The value compares reasonably well with experimental results.     

Necessary and sufficient number of parity checks in codes correcting random errors and bursts with weight constraints under a new metric

A new metric, called the class metric, has already been introduced by Sharma and Kaushik. In this paper, we obtain extensions of Hamming sphere packing and Varsharmov-Gilbert-Sacks bounds to codes correcting random errors and bursts with weight constraints under the class metric.