BIOFUMIGANT COMPOUNDS RELEASED BY FIELD PENNYCRESS (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thlaspi arvense</Emphasis>) SEEDMEAL

Defatted field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seedmeal was found to completely inhibit seedling germination/emergence when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and arugula [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.] seeds at levels of 1.0% w/w or higher. Covering the pots with Petri dishes containing the soil-seedmeal mixture decreased germination of both species at the lowest application rate (0.5% w/w), suggesting that the some of the phytotoxins were volatile. CH₂Cl₂, MeOH, and water extracts of the wetted seedmeal were bioassayed against wheat and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) radicle elongation. Only the CH₂Cl₂ extract was strongly inhibitory to both species. Fractionation of the CH₂Cl₂ extract yielded two major phytotoxins, identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and NMR as 2-propen-1-yl (allyl) isothiocyanate (AITC) and allyl thiocyanate (ATC), which constituted 80.9 and 18.8%, respectively, of the active fraction. When seeds of wheat, arugula and sicklepod were exposed to volatilized AITC and ATC, germination of all three species was completely inhibited by both compounds at concentrations of 5 ppm or less. In field studies, where seedmeal was applied at 0.50, 1.25, and 2.50 kg/m² and tarped with black plastic mulch, all of the treatments significantly reduced dry weight of bioassay plants compared to the tarped control, with the highest seedmeal rate decreasing dry matter to less than 10% of the control 30 d after seedmeal application. Field pennycress seedmeal appears to offer excellent potential as a biofumigant for high-value horticultural crops for both conventional and organic growers.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

低变质程度煤液化效果的同位素监测

通过在1升的带搅拌的高压釜中使煤的重量浓度从0依次增加到2~(7％)的一系列实验,研究了Vesta次烟煤对Athabasca抽提后沥青(切除了低于350℃馏份)共处理的效果。将Vesta煤与沥青(3.94‰)之间存在的~(13)C/~(12)C比例的差别用作天然同位素示踪,以监测煤和沥青进入每一种合成液体馏份中的比率。通过比较同位素测得的产品中来自煤的比率表明:煤进入到馏出物、甲苯可溶物、甲苯不溶物的比例随掺入的煤量的增加而逐渐增加。煤的重量百分比从15％增加到2~(6％),结果甲苯不溶物增加了三倍。相应地,沥青进入到合成液体中的碳的比例也随煤的浓度而变化。比较沥青加氢处理与共处理中同位素测得的产品量表明:煤的浓度从4％增加到8％,馏出物的量增加14—17％,而甲苯可溶物相应地减少32—49％。煤的浓度为15—26％时,共处理中单独由沥青提供的馏出物无明显增加,而沥青提供的甲苯不溶物的碳的比例从0.9％增加到5.0％。这些结果表明:由5—10％的煤组成的煤-沥青混合物共处理,能够促进沥青馏出物的生成。     

MDI异氰酸酯系列产品的现状和发展

MDI异氰酸酯的发展过程由于聚氨酯在工业中的地位日趋重要,化学品生产者以及配方设计和加工人员都纷纷致力于原料的研究,一个共同目标是要开发异氰酸酯的各种化学资源。业已对各种异氰酸酯进行了大量研究工作,诸如它们在特殊用途中的价格因素,加工方法以及综合性能等。     

新型轮胎气密层材料的优点及工艺改进

无内胎子午线轮胎最常见的损坏是带束层边部脱层,而此损坏可能导致较大的振动,最终导致带束层和胎面剥离。要阻止带束层边部脱层,无内胎子午线轮胎必须经受住以下4种不利因素的综合作用:     

Total content and dialyzable iron and zinc in foods from northern and Southern Mexico

Developing countries diets are based on a variety of plant foods that often are the main suppliers of important amounts of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The objectives of this study were 1) to measure the total and dialyzable amounts of Fe and Zn in foods from Northern Mexico (Sonora) and from Southern Mexico (Oaxaca) and 2) to evaluate the effect of meat content of diets on the dialyzable amount of Fe and Zn. Methods to calculate the total dialyzable amount of Fe and Zn, were those of the AOAC and of Shen et al. Total Fe in e northern Mexican foods went from 0.78 +/- 0.0 to 11.59 +/- to 0.03 mg/ 100g (dry weight, DW); in southern Mexican foods the same micronutrient amounts were 0.86 +/- 0.18 to 8.8 +/- 0.57 mg/100 g (BS). Total Zn values were 0.91 +/- 0.00 to 13.58 +/- 0.05 mg/100 g (DW) in Sonora, and 0.64 +/- 0.18 to 20.80 +/- 0.33 mg/100 g (DW) in Oaxaca. In northern Mexico, foods dialyzable Fe had values from 0.1 +/- 0.04% to 10.6 +/- 0.36% and for Zn from 4.0 +/- 0.21% to 55.32 +/- 0.14%. Meanwhile, the range of values of dialyzable Fe for foods from Oaxaca were from 0.22 +/- 0.06% to 9.40 +/- 0.14% for and from 2.41 +/- 0.26% to 54.27 +/- 1.49% for dialyzable Zn. The average value for dialyzable Fe was higher in the foods that contained meat or meat products (p= 0.001).     

废水处理的三级过滤器

该设备用于从液体中过滤悬浮固体，具有一组安装在过滤室内部的过滤器。这些过滤器将过滤室分成两部：分：一侧为脏的液体，一侧为干净的液体。一个洗涤装置安装在一个室内，该室内设有与过滤器接触的真空／泵头。真空／泵头与位于设备内或设备外的泵或真空源连接．随着洗涤设备的旋转，真空头能够与过滤器的整个表面接触并对其进行清洗。在不需要排水或进入室内情况下，     

Synthesis and properties of aminopropyl nucleic acids

Oligonucleotides that contain up to three aminopropyl nucleoside analogues have been synthesized. Dimers of aminopropyl adenine and thymidine were prepared and used as building blocks by applying phosphoramidite chemistry. Both R and S isomers of the aminopropyl nucleosides were used. This incorporation led to a reduction of thermal stability of double-stranded DNA. Furthermore, the (R)-adenine analogue, which yielded (S)-APNA, can be considered as a candidate for universal base pairing.     

制备奥托金的几种可供选择的方法

本文叙述三种由乌洛托品制备奥托金(HMX)的新方法,每种方法都是先进行乙酰化然后再硝化,其中以DADN为中间产物的方法的HMX得率,比目前以乌洛托品和醋酐为基础的Bachmann法要高,但要采用后者不必采用的硫酸和聚磷酸。已经表明,DADN可在中间规模以良好的得率快速连续地生产,废酸回收也没有什么问题。     

Attraction of Male European Tarnished Plant Bug, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lygus rugulipennis</Emphasis> to Components of the Female Sex Pheromone in the Field

Previous work showed that females of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae), produced three chemicals, hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, and that these were suspected to be components of the female sex pheromone. In field experiments, traps baited with blends of these chemicals dispensed from polyethylene vials and sachets failed to catch significant numbers of males. Here, we report more recent field experiments in which the chemicals were released from glass microcapillary tubes. A blend of hexyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal was significantly attractive to male L. rugulipennis. In addition, whereas the mixture of all three components attracted fewer L. rugulipennis males, this tertiary blend captured significantly greater numbers of males of the congeneric species Lygus pratensis than the binary mixture. The possible reasons for the success of the microcapillaries compared with other dispensers are discussed.