印度:一个新兴的彩色王国

印度GDP的持续增长使涂料工业在过去的10年中稳步增长。在过去5年时间里,印度涂料市场保持平均8%～10%的速度增长。尽管有如此鼓舞人心的增长率,印度人均涂料消费约为(0.7～0.8)kg,为全球低消费国家之一。不仅低于马达加斯加、台湾、菲律宾、斯里兰卡,而且更低于东南亚国家的4kg和发达国家的22kg的水平。全球人均涂料消费为15kg左右。印度涂料工业可划分为有组织和无组织部分,无组织部分实力强大,占有35%的涂料市场,估计有(2500～3000)家的涂料制造商。10年以前,无组织部分有更高的市场占有份额,由于此行业中的很多商机,大公司无法提供服…     

The magneto-electric effect in molten salts—2. Measurement of the magneto-electric voltage in some molten I-I inorganic salts: AgCl,KNO3 and NaNO3

The study of the magneto-electric effect on molten salts have been reported in a previous article in which were given the necessary conditions to measure a reproducible magneto-electric voltage and the results for an organic salt 1-ethylpyridinium bromide, in the molten state and in alcoholic and aqueous solutions, were compared. Here the study is extended to some inorganic II salts: silver chloride, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate. A magneto-electric voltage is measured as a function of the magneto-electrics stress and also of the temperature of the molten salts. All the resulting graphs exhibited identical shapes and three characteristic parameters were noted which seemed to intercorrelate well. These results agree with those previously obtained from 1-ethylpyridinium bromide.     

Phospholipid acyl group composition in normal and tumoral nerve cells in culture

We have studied the fatty acid composition of total phosphoglycerides from various types of nerve cells in culture. Primary cell cultures were compared with tumoral cell strains. Glial cells exhibited no characteristic pattern when compared to neurons. Tumoral cell phosphogly cerides contained much higher levels of octadecenoic acid and lower levels of C-20 to C-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids than normal cell phosphoglycerides. This observation seems to be a general feature in tumoral cell membranes. It could be of interest in respect to the membrane fluidity of cancer cells.     

An Assessment of Vacuum‐Heat‐Treated H11 Hot‐Work Tool Steel using the KIc/HRc Ratio

Charpy V‐notch (CVN) impact‐test values are widely used in toughness specifications for AISI H11 hot‐work tool steel, even though the fracturing energy is not directly related to the tool design. K_Ic, the plain‐strain stress‐intensity factor at the onset of unstable crack growth, can be related to the tool design; however, K_Ic test values are not widely used in toughness specifications. This is surprising since to the designer K_Ic values are more useful than CVN values because the design calculations for tools and dies of high‐strength steels should take into account the strength and the toughness of materials in order to prevent the possibility of rapid and brittle fracture. An investigation was conducted to determine whether standardized fracture‐toughness testing (ASTM E399‐90), which is difficult to perform reliably for hard materials with a low ductility, could be replaced with a so far non‐standard testing method. A particular problem is that the manufacture of the fatigue crack samples is difficult and expensive, and this has promoted the search for alternative fracture‐toughness testing methods. One of the most promising methods is the use of circumferentially notched and fatigue‐precracked tensile specimens. With this technique the fatigue crack in the specimen is obtained without affecting the fracture toughness of the steel, if it is obtained in soft annealed steel, i.e., prior to the final heat treatment. The results of this investigation have shown that using the proposed method it was possible to draw, for the normally used range of working hardness, combined tempering diagrams (Rockwell‐C hardness ‐ Fracture toughness K_Ic ‐ Tempering temperature) for some AISI H11 hot‐work tool steel delivered from three steel plants. On the basis of the combined tempering charts the influence of the processing route on the mechanical properties was investigated. In the same way, vacuum‐heat‐treated tool steels were assessed and their properties expressed as a ratio of the fracture toughness to the hardness (K_Ic/HRc).     

Biased allocation of faces to social categories.

Three studies show that social categorization is biased at the level of category allocation. In all studies, participants categorized faces. In Studies 1 and 2, participants overallocated faces with criminal features—a stereotypical negative trait—to the stigmatized Moroccan category, especially if they were prejudiced. On the contrary, the stereotype-irrelevant negative trait stupid did not lead to overallocation to the Moroccan category. In Study 3, using the stigmatized category homosexual, the previously used negative trait criminal—irrelevant to the homosexual stereotype—did not lead to overallocation, but the stereotype-relevant positive trait femininity did. These results demonstrate that normative fit is higher for faces with stereotype-relevant features regardless of valence. Moreover, individual differences in implicit prejudice predicted the extent to which stereotype-relevant traits elicited overallocation: Whereas more negatively prejudiced people showed greater overallocation of faces associated with negative stereotype-relevant traits, they showed less overallocation of faces associated with positive stereotype-relevant traits. These results support our normative fit hypothesis: In general, normative fit is better for faces with stereotypical features. Moreover, normative fit is enhanced for prejudiced individuals when these features are evaluatively congruent. Social categorization thus may be biased in itself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analyzing German winery adoption of Web 2.0 and social media

The purpose of this research study was to analyze the adoption of Web 2.0 and social media by German wineries, as well as to determine the impact of winery size on the use of social media and response time to consumer emails. The methodology involved a content analysis of 208 German winery websites and a statistical analysis of how German wineries respond to customer email requests. Results show a relatively low adoption of Web 2.0 (27%) by German wineries with larger wineries adopting more components than smaller wineries, though smaller wineries responded more quickly to customer email requests for wine information. Implications suggest that there is more opportunity for German wineries to integrate social media in their wine marketing strategy.     

Tracing the Origin and Evolution of Geochemical Characteristics of Waters from the Candiota Coal Mine Area (Southern Brazil): Part I

This work correlates surface and ground water composition to the substrata, and traces how water chemistry evolves at Brazil’s largest coal mine, the Candiota Mine. The water is dominated by SO₄, Fe, Ca, and Mg. A pH range of 2.7–3 in the pit lakes is attributed through chemical models to concomitant pyrite oxidation and carbonate dissolution along with slow hydrolysis of aluminosilicate minerals and buffering provided by several iron oxy-hydroxide species. The Fe deficit of the surface water relative to the expected values is mainly due to precipitation of Fe sulfate salts, hydroxysulfates, and oxyhydroxides in the waste piles and their runoff. A progressive decrease in oxygen partial pressure with increased lake depth leads to destabilization of the iron oxyhydroxides/hydroxysulfates formed near the surface, which explains their absence from the lake sediment. Although interacting with similar rock types, the groundwater has a significantly different composition than the surface water, with less salinity and a pH of 5–6.5, due to limited oxygen and its evolution in a nearly closed system that stabilizes at higher pH values, which is controlled by carbonate/bicarbonate buffering.     

Adsorption of boric acid on pure and humic acid coated am-Al(OH)3: A boron K-edge XANES study

The fate and mobility of boric acid in the environment is largely controlled by adsorption reactions with soil organic matter and soil minerals to form surface complexes (Soil Sci Soc. Am. J. 1991, 55, 1582; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 67, 2551; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1995, 59, 405; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 302). In this study, boric acid adsorption on pure am-Al(OH)3 and 5% (w/w) humic acid (HA) coated am-Al(OH)3 were investigated both as a function of pH (4.5-11) and initial boric acid concentration (0-4.5 mmol L(-1)). Batch adsorption isotherm experiments were also conducted with samples exposed to atmospheric CO2 and anaerobic (N2) conditions to examine the effects of dissolved CO2 on boric acid adsorption. Boron (B) K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to investigate the coordination of boric acid adsorbed at mineral/water interfaces. The XANES spectra of boric acid adsorption samples showed that both trigonally and tetrahedrally coordinated B complexes were present on the mineral surface. Both macroscopic and spectroscopic experiments revealed that the combination of HA coating on am-Al(OH)3 and dissolved CO2 decreased boric acid adsorption compared to adsorption on pure am-Al(OH)3.