Solution polymerizations of epoxytetrahydrophthalic anhydride and its utilization in various epoxy systems

Solution polymerization of epoxytetrahydrophthalic anhydride (ETHPA) has been thoroughly studied by using numerous solvents and catalysts. Products have been obtained in high yields, particularly when triethanolamine was the catalyst. This suggests that this catalyst should be considered for further applications utilizing ETHPA. However, the solution polymerization method cannot be used alone to define the effects of various catalysts on standard nonsolvated resin systems, because polymerization is greatly affected not only by the addition of solvent but also by the type of solvent. In addition, the action of the catalyst seems to depend greatly upon what solvent is employed. The reason for this dependence has not been established. The effects of the addition and reaction of ETHPA with commercial epoxy resin formulations have been investigated by means of heat distortion tests and differential thermal analyses. In most cases, although a moderate improvement was found in the thermal properties of the resins, occasional excellent results were obtained. A 10°C. increase in HDT is observed with a 2 wt.-% addition of ETHPA for bisphenol A epoxy resin–bicyclic anhydride mixture. The degree of elevation of T_g and HDT with the addition of ETHPA obviously depends not only on the composition of the resin system but also on its cure temperature. A good correlation occurs between heat-distortion temperatures and glass transition temperatures. Some few anomalous data, however, are found which point to the fact that further investigation is required before HDT and T_g can be interchanged without prior evidence of a definite relationship.     

Flash pyrolysis of Australian coals: Effects of pre-oxidation and of oxygen in the inlet gases on formation of agglomerated material

Addition of oxygen to nitrogen in the inlet gas during flash pyrolysis at 600 °C reduced the amount of char agglomerate formed from a relatively strongly caking Liddell seam coal and a weakly caking Millmerran seam coal. The reduction of agglomeration was significant over the entire ranges of variables used, viz, oxygen concentrations in the inlet gas of 2.62–10.5% (v/v) and oxygen to coal ratios of 0.02–0.12 (wt/wt). Pre-oxidation at 400 °C with solids residence times below 2 s, inlet concentrations of oxygen up to 10.5% and oxygen to coal ratios up to 0.10 (wt/wt) also effectively reduced agglomeration of Liddell coal. In terms of minimizing the oxygen requirement to obtain essentially nonagglomerating solids, the preferred method was found to be pre-oxidation followed by oxidative pyrolysis. The reduction of agglomeration by oxygen appears to be due to a combination of the extent of coal oxidation and the extents of polymerization and chemical condensation of the coal structure.     

Effect of recombinant cytokines on leucocytes and physiological changes in bovine mammary glands during early involution

We examined the effects of administering recombinant bovine cytokines to non-lactating dairy cows and measured mammary gland leucocytes and the involution process. After the final milking, groups of cows were given an intramammary infusion of cytokine in two quarters. These cytokines were recombinant bovine interleukin-2 (rbolL-2) (2 x 10(5) units, n = 6), recombinant bovine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rboGM-CSF) (500 microg, n = 4) and recombinant bovine interleukin-1beta (rbolL-1beta) (10 microg, n = 10). Each animal also received an infusion of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in the other two quarters as controls. The rbolL-2 and rboGM-CSF were produced in a yeast expression system, while rbolL-1beta was produced in Escherichia coli. Leucocyte numbers, bactericidal activity of leucocytes, and concentrations of citrate and lactoferrin in quarter secretion samples were monitored after infusion of cytokine or PBS. Infusion of rbolL-2 had minimal effect on leucocyte numbers and concentrations of citrate and lactoferrin. Both rboGM-CSF and rbolL-1beta induced a rapid increase in the number of neutrophils and macrophages compared with control PBS quarters. Concentrations of lactoferrin in secretions were increased by rboGM-CSF and rbolL-1beta compared with control PBS quarters. In addition, infusion of glands with rbolL-1beta lowered the citrate:lactoferrin molar ratio compared with PBS control quarters. The results indicate that intramammary infusion of either rboGM-CSF or rbolL-1beta at cessation of milking immediately increased the number of phagocytic cells in the gland. These cytokines, in particular rbolL-1beta, also increased the rate of mammary gland involution during the early dry period.     

Issues of validity and reliability in the use of real–ideal discrepancy scores to measure self-regard.

Investigated the validity and reliability of real–ideal discrepancy scores as measures of self-regard using 1,965 7th, 9th, and 11th graders. Real self-ratings were superior to real–ideal discrepancy ratings in predicting several measures of global self-esteem (e.g., Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory) and in predicting several measures of teachers' evaluations of the self-attitudes of the Ss. Further, similar-sized discrepancies did not translate into similar levels of self-regard at different points on scales of real self-evaluation, and the more dependent the discrepancy score was made on the real self-score relative to the ideal self-score, the more effective a predictor it was of global self-esteem. Finally, the test–retest correlations were low for a real–ideal discrepancy scale. Researchers are cautioned against the use of such measures. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Web and database software for identification of intact proteins using "top down" mass spectrometry

For the identification and characterization of proteins harboring posttranslational modifications (PTMs), a "top down" strategy using mass spectrometry has been forwarded recently but languishes without tailored software widely available. We describe a Web-based software and database suite called ProSight PTM constructed for large-scale proteome projects involving direct fragmentation of intact protein ions. Four main components of ProSight PTM are a database retrieval algorithm (Retriever), MySQL protein databases, a file/data manager, and a project tracker. Retriever performs probability-based identifications from absolute fragment ion masses, automatically compiled sequence tags, or a combination of the two, with graphical rendering and browsing of the results. The database structure allows known and putative protein forms to be searched, with prior or predicted PTM knowledge used during each search. Initial functionality is illustrated with a 36-kDa yeast protein identified from a processed cell extract after automated data acquisition using a quadrupole-FT hybrid mass spectrometer. A +142-Da delta(m) on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was automatically localized between Asp90 and Asp192, consistent with its two cystine residues (149 and 153) alkylated by acrylamide (+71 Da each) during the gel-based sample preparation. ProSight PTM is the first search engine and Web environment for identification of intact proteins (https://prosightptm.scs.uiuc.edu/).     

The oxidation of zinc vapor in CO-CO2-N2 gas mixtures

The kinetics of oxidation of zinc vapor in the Zn-CO-CO₂-N₂ system was investigated for zinc partial pressures of 0.01 to 0.09 atm, carbon monoxide partial pressures up to 0.5 atm, and carbon dioxide partial pressures up to 0.6 atm at 730 °C to 900 °C. The experimental apparatus consisted of a flow reactor and a multitemperature zone furnace. Known gas compositions were generated and the rate of oxidation of zinc vapor was determined from the mass of zinc oxide deposited under controlled conditions. The rate of oxidation of zinc was found to be a function of temperature and of the partial pressures of zinc, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. It was autocatalytic with respect to carbon monoxide and independent of the total mass of zinc oxide deposited. The reactions occurring in parallel for this mechanism are

时域在数字射频领域中的作用

许多新兴应用要求功能强大的射频分析工具,除传统的频率轴和幅度轴之外,同时捕获时间信息.当前许多射频信号在不同时间点之间变化.有些信号会跳频,有些信号则简单地达到尖峰,然后消失.许多信号采用复杂的调制,其可能会在瞬间发生动态变化.这些活动可能会产生自己的负面效应,如随机瞬变、干扰、开关异常事件等.这些现象都有一个共同点,那就是时间不再是一个可以忽略的轴.     

温度测量系统对ADC的要求

为具体应用选择适当的温度传感器取决于待测温度范围和所需的精度.系统精度取决于温度传感器的精度和对传感器的输出数字化的模数转换器(ADC)的性能.