The value-congruence model of memory for emotional experiences: An explanation for cultural differences in emotional self-reports.

In 3 studies, the authors found support for the value-congruence model that accounts for cultural variations in memory for emotional experiences. In Study 1, the authors found that in the made-in-the-U.S. scenario condition, European Americans were more accurate than were Asian Americans in their retrospective frequency judgments of emotions. However, in the made-in-Japan scenario condition, European Americans were less accurate than were Asian Americans. In Study 2, the authors demonstrated that value orientation mediates the Culture×Type of Event congruence effect. In Study 3 (a daily event sampling study), the authors showed that the congruence effect was explained by the importance of parental approval. In sum, emotional events congruent with personal values remain in memory longer and influence retrospective frequency judgments of emotion more than do incongruent events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Engineering property and structural design relationships for new and developing concretes

The paper reports the findings of a study carried out to investigate the effect of new and developing concrete technology solutions,e.g. (i) use of particle packing techniques and fillers to minimise voids, (ii) use of cement additions attained from industrial by-products and (iii) use of high range water-reducing admixtures which enable lower cement contents, on the engineering and structural performance of concrete and implications for structural design. The test programme considered 54 concrete mixes in three series to assess the impact of these on the tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete, and in parallel, 37 mixes to measure these effects on the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams. The results indicate that the influence of the concretes on compressive strength were generally inproportion to the effects on other engineering properties and were in line with current design assumptions on the behaviour of concrete. Furthermore, EC2 equations for predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams, based on compressive strength, were also found to be appropriate for the range of concrete mixes considered. Overall, the work has demonstrated that new and developing concrete technology solutions can be utilised effectively within the framework of present design procedures and compressive strength is an appropriate parameter for assessing the structural performance of these concretes.     

Modelling of Bird Strike on an Aircraft Wing Leading Edge Made from Fibre Metal Laminates – Part 1: Material Modelling

Fibre Metal Laminates with layers of aluminium alloy and high strength glass fibre composite have been reported to possess excellent impact properties and be suitable for aircraft parts likely to be subjected to impacts from objects such as runway debris or birds. In a collaborative research project, aircraft wing leading edge structures with a glass-based FML skin have been designed, built, and subjected to bird strike tests that have been modelled with finite element analysis. In this first part of a two-part paper, a material model developed for FML suitable for use in impact modelling with explicit finite element analysis is presented. The material model is based on a recent implementation in the commercial finite element code PAM-CRASH/SHOCK of a Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) model for composites, incorporating anisotropic strain rate effects. Results from the model are compared with experimental results on FML at variable strain rates and the model is shown to be capable of capturing most of the complex strain rate dependent behaviour exhibited by these materials.     

Energy Options for the Future

This paper summarizes the presentations and discussion at the Energy Options for the Future meeting held at the Naval Research Laboratory in March of 2004. The presentations covered the present status and future potential for coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass energy sources and the effect of measures for energy conservation. The longevity of current major energy sources, means for resolving or mitigating environmental issues, and the role to be played by yet to be deployed sources, like fusion, were major topics of presentation and discussion.Summary of the Meeting held at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, March 11–12, 2004     

A Consistent Causality-Based View on a Timed Process Algebra Including Urgent Interactions

This paper discusses a timed variant of a process algebra akin to LOTOS, baptized UPA, in a causality-based setting. Two timed features are incorporated—a delay function which constrains the occurrence time of atomic actions and an urgency operator that forces (local or synchronized) actions to happen urgently. Timeouts are typical urgent phenomena. A novel timed extension of event structures is introduced and used as a vehicle to provide a denotational causality-based semantics for UPA. Recursion is dealt with by using standard fixpoint theory. In addition, an operational semantics is presented based on separate time- and action-transitions that is shown to be consistent with the event structure semantics. An interleaving semantics for UPA is immediately obtained from the operational semantics. By adopting this dual approach the well-developed timed interleaving view is extended with a consistent timed partial order view and a comparison is facilitated of the partial order model and the variety of existing (interleaved) timed process algebras.     

The dynamics of culture, organisational culture and change

The interface between cultural anthropology, cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology and indigenous psychology provides a rich context for examining recent developments within the field of organisational culture, both from a societal (national) and a cross-cultural perspective. It is argued in this paper that cultural patterns in society impact deeply on cultural patterns in organisations. In other words, organisational culture reflects the way in which the societal context shapes the organisational context, which in turn moulds the beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of its members — individuals and groups. It is further posited that organisational cultural and societal culture recursively mirror one another. The complexity of the interdependence between societal culture and organisational culture will be traced, drawing on the evolving nature of the construct culture within the traditions of anthropology, cross-cultural psychology, indigenous psychology and organisational psychology. The hidden source of cultural elements embedded in the organisational domain will be examined from the perspective of an appreciation of diversity and a recognition of the need to support and encourage the variations that add to our creativity as well astosystem/organisational effectiveness.     

"Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood": Correction to Messer et al.

Reports an error in "Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood" by David J. Messer, Mary E. McCarthy, Susan McQuiston, Robert H. MacTurk, Leon J. Yarrow and Peter M. Vietze (Developmental Psychology, 1986[May], Vol 22[3], 366-372). In the article, an incorrect copyright note has been given. The copyright note has been corrected and is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-24138-001.) 53 infants were observed at 6 and 12 mo of age during 2 24-min play sessions. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were given at 6 and 12 mo and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) at 30 mo of age. Results reveal that measures of competence in infancy (successful task completion during play and the BSID scores) were not strongly correlated with the 30-mo MSCA scores. In contrast, infant mastery behavior during play strongly predicted MSCA scores: The time spent investigating toys at 6 mo and persistence in solving tasks at 12 mo of age were behaviors significantly positively correlated with the MSCA scales. It is suggested that infant behaviors that predict later competence do not remain static but change with age and that infants' mastery behavior is a more effective predictor of later development than their competence with either toys or developmental tests. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The painful bipartite patella

Two skeletally immature patients with bipartite patella, a lesion normally classified as a developmental variation, proved to have a symptomatic lesion with a traumatic etiology. In both patients, appropriate treatment resulted in complete subsidence of symptoms; one patient was treated with cast immobilization, while the other eventually required surgical resection. In addition, normal and bipartite patellar specimens from skeletally immature cadavers were histologically and morphologically assessed. These clinical and anatomic studies suggest that in some cases a bipartite patella may be a traumatically induced, chondroosseous disruption of the superolateral pole of the incompletely ossified patella, analogous to Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease at the inferior patellar pole or Osgood-Schlatter disease in the tibial tuberosity. The possibility of bipartite patella being such a chronic stress fracture in a symptomatic patient should be considered in order to render appropriate treatment.     

Wave propagation in linear viscoelastic composites modelled as interpenetrating solid continua

This work concerns the behavior of shock waves and higher order discontinuities which propagate in a viscoelastic composite which is modelled as a mixture ot two interpenetrating solid continua. The response of the composite is assumed to be linear. The propagation conditions for shock and higher order waves are derived and it is shown that, in general, six waves of any order may propagate in any direction. It is shown that the amplitudes of all waves decay as they propagate. Detailed results are presented for isotropic composites.