Ni含量对提高Zn-Ni合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中耐腐蚀性能的影响（I）：极化和阻抗研究

Zn在保护钢铁材料不被海水腐蚀方面发挥重要作用。Zn和Ni的合金化能改善它的耐腐蚀性能。通过Tafel曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究Zn?Ni合金在合成海水(3.5% NaCl,质量分数)中的腐蚀行为,并比较不同Ni含量(0.5%~10%,质量分数)合金和纯 Zn 的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：Zn?Ni 合金的耐腐蚀性能优于纯 Zn,只有Ni含量为0.5%的合金除外。Ni含量为10%的合金具有最好的耐腐蚀性能,这是由于在合金中形成了γ-Zn3Ni 和γ-ZnNi相。但Ni 含量为0.5%的合金比纯Zn具有更高的腐蚀速率(更差的耐腐蚀性能)。     

Snout cutis of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus,Linnaeus, 1758): Using light and transmission electron microscopy

The current study was designed to give microscopic view on the snout skin of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) to clear its adaptations with the function of exploring for the food and pushing the objects. This study carried out on the snout skin of apparently healthy 1 year five pigs (Sus Scrofa) and examined under the light and transmission electron microscopy. Our results clarify that the snout skin cutis composed of the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis consisted of stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The stratum corneum and the stratum spinosum appeared thicker than other parts. The dermis consisted of a reticular and a papillary dermis. For tightness junction between the dermis and the epidermis, the hemidesmosomes were observed, while the desmosomes were presented in abundant numbers at the level of stratum basale to ensure the adhesion between the keratinocytes. The merocrine sweat glands were observed in abundant numbers to provide the wetness of the snout to avoid its injury from friction during food exploring or pushing of the objects. We concluded that the adaptation of the snout skin with the environmental condition surrounding the studied domestic pig.     

Histology of the stomach in the Caucasian squirrel,a scanning electron microscope and immunohistochemical study

This study was performed to investigate the gross anatomy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry of the stomach in the Caucasian squirrel. A total of five male squirrels were included. The obtained results showed that the shape of the stomach was acutely crescent and consisted of four regions namely; cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus. The stomach glandular and its wall was consisted of four layers; serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. All part of the mucosa was covered by a simple columnar epithelium. Furthermore, gastric glands were of the simple tubular type. The mucous cells of the fundic and body regions were PAS-positive. In the lower third of the gastric glands, parietal, and chief cells were identified. The number of chief cells was increased toward the pyloric area. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fundus region contained many plicae and grooves and each plica carried numerous glands opening. In the body region, cells were polygonal and formed network-like structures. In the pyloric region, a mucosal ridge between the body and antrum and a thick mucosal crest on the lesser curvature were identified. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Sox9 was strongly expressed in the fundic region, however, its expression in the body and pylorus was moderate to weak. In conclusion, there are some similarities and differences between the stomach of the Caucasian squirrel and other mammals including rodents. The obtained results may enhance our basic knowledge regarding the feeding habits and digestive system histophysiology of this species.     

Simulation Study of Different Modes of Miscible Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding has been applied worldwide as a successful enhanced oil recovery. Carbon dioxide flooding may be applied as a continuous injection or as water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. Optimization of the injection mode of carbon dioxide is important for economical field application. This paper focuses on using a fully compositional simulation model for “AEB-3C” sandstone oil reservoir of one of the Western Desert oil fields in Egypt to predict the impact of CO₂ miscible flooding on the reservoir oil recovery and net present value (NPV), to define the best mode of operation that is straight CO₂ injection or water alternating gas (WAG) processes and to show the difference between pure and impure CO₂. Moreover, several sensitivity runs were done on the oil price to show minimum profitable value of oil price when applying such a tertiary method in the subject field.The reservoir under study has been producing under a successful water flooding project since May-2010. The recovery factor by the end of water flooding project is predicted as 32%. CO₂ flooding processes have started by the end of water flooding. A significant increase in the oil recovery factor was noticed due to applying this method; it reached up to 57%. Comparisons between different modes of operations were shown which showed better results when applying WAG process than that with straight CO₂ injection. Moreover; sensitivities were done on the cycle periods in WAG processes and showed increase in the recovery factor with shortening the cycle periods. In addition to a comparison between pure and impure CO₂ which showed very close results.     

Effect of chlorination on the assessment of waste engine oil modified asphalt binders

The main objective of this study is to develop a new asphalt binder using waste engine oil (WEO) and improve its properties especially the resistance to rutting, reduces thermal susceptibility as well as the solubility in kerosene. The properties of WEO binders were modified further by chlorine. All blends were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Asphalt binder specimens containing different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) % of waste engine oil with and without chlorine gas were fabricated.     

Protease-Activated Receptor 1 in Human Carotid Atheroma Is Significantly Related to Iron Metabolism,Plaque Vulnerability,and the Patient’s Age

(1) Background: Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has regulatory functions in inflammation, atherogenesis, and atherothrombosis. Chronic iron administration accelerates arterial thrombosis. Intraplaque hemorrhage and hemoglobin catabolism by macrophages are associated with dysregulated iron metabolism and atherosclerotic lesion instability. However, it remains unknown whether expressions of PAR1 in human atherosclerotic lesions are related to plaque severity, accumulation of macrophages, and iron-related proteins. We investigated the expression of PAR1 and its relation to the expression of ferritin and transferrin receptors in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and then explored potential connections between their expressions, plaque development, and classical risk factors. (2) Methods: Carotid samples from 39 patients (25 males and 14 females) were immunostained with PAR1, macrophages, ferritin, and transferrin receptor. Double immunocytochemistry of PAR1 and ferritin was performed on THP-1 macrophages exposed to iron. (3) Results: PAR1 expression significantly increases with the patient’s age and the progression of human atherosclerotic plaques. Expressions of PAR1 are significantly correlated with the accumulation of CD68-positive macrophages, ferritin, and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and inversely correlated with levels of high-density lipoprotein. In vitro, PAR1 is significantly increased in macrophages exposed to iron, and the expression of PAR1 is colocalized with ferritin expression. (4) Conclusions: PAR1 is significantly related to the progression of human atherosclerotic lesions and the patient’s age. PAR1 is also associated with macrophage infiltration and accumulation of iron metabolic proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cellular iron-mediated induction of PAR1 and its colocalization with ferritin in macrophages may further indicate an important role of cellular iron in atherothrombosis.     

Technological solutions and adaptive processing tools to mitigate the impact of seasonal variations in milk composition on Cheddar cheese production—A review

Variability in milk composition and physicochemical properties impact both manufacturing process performance and the end-use functionality of cheese. Such variability may be attributed to seasonal calving patterns, production systems, breed, weather patterns, and feed type and significantly impacts concentrations of macro- and microconstituents and ultimately cheese composition and quality. This article reviews technological approaches (e.g., milk standardisation protocols and calcium addition), and predictive strategies (e.g., predictive models for coagulation and curd cutting time, in-line sensors), used to mitigate the effects of seasonal changes in milk composition and their impact on process efficacy and functionality in Cheddar cheese manufacturing.     

Deposition of polymeric sensing materials for gas detection

Once a promising polymeric (detection) material is identified, it needs to be incorporated into a MEMS sensor. In this sensor functionalization step, the deposition of the polymeric material on the sense-plate should be accurate and repeatable. After a quick overview of different deposition methods and related solubility characteristics of polyaniline (and derivatives), drop coating is implemented to deposit polyaniline on sense-plates, moving from a manual deposition technique to a semi-automated deposition procedure with more practical benefits, and identifying an optimal ‘carrier’ mixture of 10–15/90–85 polyaniline/ethylene glycol. A correlation can be established between area coverage and polymer mass, which leaves room for future fully automated deposition using image processing.     

Recent advances in whey processing and valorisation: Technological and environmental perspectives

Whey has several environmental risks if disposed of as waste in watercourses. However, there are numerous valorisation techniques to convert it into valuable and highly nutritious products. Techniques such as membrane filtration may be utilised, but these are not applicable to all categories of whey. Novel methodologies that are agile enough to deal with whey variability can produce valorised products. This review assesses the capability of whey processing techniques, applications and methodologies, discussing pertinent research that can innovate product development further. It focuses on environmental impacts of whey as a waste and ways of minimising it.