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951.
Mushroom-like ZnO microcrystals have been prepared via a solution calcination route, using Zn(NO3)2 as Zn source in the absence of any surfactants, templates or catalysts. This is the first example to prepare mushroom-like crystals as semiconductors, which are expected to show particular physical properties. The ZnO products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum measurements. A suitable concentration of Zn(NO3)2 solution was important for the growth of the mushroom-like products. The reported synthetic procedure is straightforward and inexpensive, and thus can be readily adopted to produce large quantities of mushroom-like ZnO microcrystals. 相似文献
952.
The frequencies of multinational papers in various sciences 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Helmut A. Abt 《Scientometrics》2007,72(1):105-115
Multinational papers are defined here as ones written by authors who reside in different countries during the course of research.
For each of 16 fields of science, I scanned the first 200 papers in 2005 in four major journals publishing original research
papers. Those journals produced 40% of all the citations among those journals with Impact Factors greater than 1.0. The frequencies
of multinational papers ranged from 13% in surgery to 55% in astronomy. Although one can list a dozen factors which might
contribute toward multinational papers, I lack the data to test most of those. There are only minor correlations with team
sizes and Impact Factors, inadequate to explain the range. There is a larger, but not convincing, dependence upon the fractions
of single-author papers and its cause, if real, is unclear. However, the most prominent factor seems to be the nature of the
objects studied; if they are usually local (e.g. in one hospital or in one laboratory), the papers tend to be domestic but
if most of the objects are available simultaneously to scientists in many countries (e.g. the sky in astronomy or the oceans
and the Earth’s atmosphere in geosciences or widespread diseases in the area of infectious diseases or plants and animals
widely distributed in biology), the papers are often international. Auxiliary results for 2005 are an average of 5.5 ± 0.3
authors per paper and 6.6 ± 1.0% one-author papers. 相似文献
953.
Innovative activities are fundamental to the competitiveness strategies of the firms in a globalized market. Their assessment,
using indicators such as those utilized in the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), shows significant sectoral dispersion. Traditional
industries are in a weak position because the innovation they are involved in is mainly aesthetic, which is not really addressed
in innovation surveys. In this work, we review the various criticisms levelled at existing indicators and propose some new
indicators that would capture the types of innovations that are conducted by the traditional industries. This work is based
on a study of the features of traditional industries and the concept of aesthetic novelty. The proposed indicators are tested
in the Spanish footwear industry. 相似文献
954.
Martin Meyer 《Scientometrics》2007,70(3):779-810
This contribution formulates a number of propositions about the emergence of novel nanoscience and nanotechnology (N&N). Seeking
to complement recent work that aims to define a research agenda and draws on general insights from the innovation literature,
this paper aims to synthesize knowledge from innovation-related studies of the N&N field. More specifically, it is suggested
that N&N is often misconstrued as either a field of technology or an area of (broadly) converging technologies while evidence
to date suggests rather that N&N be considered a set of inter-related and overlapping about not necessarily merging technologies.
The role of instrumentation in connecting the various N&N fields is underlined. Finally, the question is raised whether change
in N&N tends to be incremental rather than discontinuous, being the result of technological path-dependencies and lock-ins
in industry-typical search regimes that are only slowly giving way to more boundary-crossing activities. 相似文献
955.
A bibliometric study of China’s semiconductor literature compared with other major asian countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we compare the scientific research in the semiconductor-related field in China with some other major nations
in Asia. It is based on the bibliometric information from SCI-Expanded database during the time period of 1995–2004. We show
that China has been developing fast in semiconductor research, and become the second productive country in Asia as reflected
by the publication profile. The evidences indicate a significant increasing trend in the research efforts and readership among
Asian countries. Similar to the scientists in Japan and South Korea, Chinese scientists were more inclined to work in larger
groups, typically 4 or more authors. The assessment of research quality is further conducted based on citation-based measures.
As benchmarks, two western countries, namely USA and Germany, have been compared in the citation analysis. It is revealed
that the impacts of research outputs in the Asian countries, except for Japan, have been badly incommensurate with their devoted
research efforts compared with USA and Germany. Like most of other Asian countries the research results of Chinese scientists
in semiconductor have a low international visibility despite their strong research efforts and increasingly large domestic
readership. The application of Leimkuhler curve illustrates vividly the inequality of citation times among the compared countries.
Furthermore, the Gini Indices of each country and each pair of countries are calculated which illustrates again the inequality
of informetric productivities. 相似文献
956.
Grant Lewison 《Scientometrics》2007,72(3):439-458
This paper describes an analysis of coverage of the risks from agricultural and food genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)
from April 2002 to April 2004 in 14 news media from six countries (Canada, France, Germany, Spain, the UK and the USA) which
was conducted as part of a review for the European Commission of the management of risk communication. A total of 597 relevant
news articles were found and coded for their presentational tone, the types of risk (environmental, financial, health and
political, in that order), the organisms described (mainly maize, rape and beet crops), and the documents, people and organisations
cited. UK news media tended to be the most “scary” and Spanish ones the most “robust”. Articles quoting public perceptions,
non-governmental environmental organisations and politicians tended to emphasize the risks of GMOs; those quoting scientists
tended to downplay the risks and describe their potential benefits. Some suggestions for possible action by the European Commission
are put forward, such as the facilitation of contact between journalists and scientists, but it is recognized that for some
newspapers, their editorial wish to campaign will inevitably over-ride their reporters’ wish to present the truth. 相似文献
957.
An evaluation of the Spanish CSIC performance in Biotechnology, as compared with those of the French CNRS and the Italian
CNR, has been carried out to determine the balance between the generation of scientific knowledge and the transfer of technology.
This study shows a high scientific productivity mostly in journals with moderate impact factor, a low generation of patents
and an insufficient transfer of knowledge to the Spanish companies. Other indicators confirm the existence of competitive
human resources in biotechnological research producing scientific knowledge of interest for the development of patents and
that cooperates successfully at European level. 相似文献
958.
This study examined why Websites were co-linked using Canadian university Websites as the test set. Pages that co-linked to
these university Websites were located using Yahool. A random sample of 859 co-linking pages (the page that initiated the
co-link) was retrieved and the contents of the page, as well as the context of the link, were manually examined to record
the following variables: language, country, type of Website, and the reasons for co-linking. The study found that in over
94% of cases, the two co-linked universities were related academically; many of these cases (38%) showed a relationship specifically
in teaching or research. This confirms results, from previous quantitative studies, that Web co-links can be a measure of
the similarity or relatedness of sites being co-linked and that Web co-link analysis can thus be used to study relationships
among linked Websites. 相似文献
959.
As in today’s knowledge society the Internet is playing an important role in the information literacy of university students
the goal of this paper is to analyse, after its first year on the Web, the informational impact of an e-learning resource
developed by Granada’s University lecturers (the e-COMS educational portal), a pioneer in Spain for training in information
literacy. From the objective and subjective data provided by the own portal and by it users, two different and complementary
kinds of analysis (functional and users’) are performed. Assessment of various capabilities, among which visibility and usability
stand out, is provided. The highly positive but improvable results offer a detailed analysis of the functional aspects of
the portal itself and of the users’ relations with this information resource. From these analyses strengths and weaknesses
are extracted and some proposals for improvement are derived. 相似文献
960.
What is the value of a scientist and its impact upon the scientific thinking? How can we measure the prestige of a journal or a conference? The evaluation of the scientific work of a scientist and the estimation of the quality of a journal or conference has long attracted significant interest, due to the benefits by obtaining an unbiased and fair criterion. Although it appears to be simple, defining a quality metric is not an easy task. To overcome the disadvantages of the present metrics used for ranking scientists and journals, J. E. Hirsch proposed a pioneering metric, the now famous h-index. In this article we demonstrate several inefficiencies of this index and develop a pair of generalizations and effective variants of it to deal with scientist ranking and publication forum ranking. The new citation indices are able to disclose trendsetters in scientific research, as well as researchers that constantly shape their field with their influential work, no matter how old they are. We exhibit the effectiveness and the benefits of the new indices to unfold the full potential of the h-index, with extensive experimental results obtained from the DBLP, a widely known on-line digital library. 相似文献