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131.
Federico Pallottino Alessio Cimini Corrado Costa Francesca Antonucci Paolo Menesatti Mauro Moresi 《Journal of the Institute of Brewing》2020,126(4):394-405
Over the last 80 years, malting and brewing has evolved through increased scientific understanding, driven by numerous factors including efficiency improvement, cost reduction, quality enhancement, risk minimisation, brand marketing and image enhancement. The aim of this work was to review the historical trends in global brewing research in order to identify current opportunities and emerging trends, as well as uncover future key drivers. A bibliometric analysis was performed with English language peer reviewed literature from the Scopus database together with mapping using the VOSviewer clustering software. The bibliometric results were structured to identify which affiliations, authors, and journals have been involved in brewing research, as well as the average number of citations per paper. The bibliometric mapping yielded ‘research term maps’, where the words occurring more frequently in the research papers were grouped in coloured clusters by area of interest, and their relationships indicated. The year maps revealed which average terms tended to emerge in chronological order. The estimated average citation number per paper was about nine. Countries, including Spain, Czech Republic, Italy and Belgium displayed higher average citation scores than the world average. In the period 1940-79, brewing publications were mainly process oriented whereas between 2008-18, there was a shift in focus to the consumer (health and social responsibility) and to environmental sustainability. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling 相似文献
132.
Federico Bianchi Simone Formentin Luigi Piroddi 《International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing》2020,34(1):63-76
Kalman filtering for linear systems is known to provide the minimum variance estimation error, under the assumption that the model dynamics is known. While many system identification tools are available for computing the system matrices from experimental data, estimating the statistics of the output and process noises is still an open problem. Correlation-based approaches are very fast and sufficiently accurate, but there are typically restrictions on the number of noise covariance elements that can be estimated. On the other hand, maximum likelihood methods estimate all elements with high accuracy, but they are computationally expensive, and they require the use of external optimization solvers. In this paper, we propose an alternative solution, tailored for process noise covariance estimation and based on stochastic approximation and gradient-free optimization, that provides a good trade-off in terms of performance and computational load, and is also easy to implement. The effectiveness of the method as compared to the state of the art is shown on a number of recently proposed benchmark examples. 相似文献
133.
134.
Giuseppe Forte Federico Alberini Mark J. H. Simmons E. Hugh Stitt 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2019,65(6):e16586
An electrical resistance tomography (ERT) linear probe was used to measure gas hold-up in a two-phase (gas–liquid) and three phase (gas–solid–liquid) stirred-tank system equipped with a Rushton turbine. The ERT linear probe was chosen rather than the more commonly used ring cage geometry to achieve higher resolution in the axial direction as well as its potential for use on manufacturing plant. Gas-phase distribution was measured as a function of flow regime by varying both impeller speed and gas flow rate. Global and local gas hold-up values were calculated using ERT data by applying Maxwell's equation for conduction through heterogeneous media. The results were compared with correlations, hard-field tomography data, and computational fluid dynamic simulations available in the literature, showing good agreement. This study thus demonstrates the capability of ERT using a linear probe to offer, besides qualitative tomographic images, reliable quantitative data regarding phase distribution in gas–liquid systems. 相似文献
135.
Josianne Lefebvre Federico Galli Claudia L. Bianchi Gregory S. Patience Daria C. Boffito 《加拿大化工杂志》2019,97(10):2588-2593
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a quantitative surface analysis technique used to identify the elemental composition, empirical formula, chemical state, and electronic state of an element. The kinetic energy of the electrons escaping from the material surface irradiated by an x‐ray beam produces a spectrum. XPS identifies chemical species and quantifies their content and the interactions between surface species. It is minimally destructive and is sensitive to a depth between 1–10nm. The elemental sensitivity is in the order of 0.1 atomic %. It requires ultra high vacuum ( Pa) in the analysis chamber and measurement time varies from minutes to hours per sample depending on the analyte. XPS dates back 50 years ago. New spectrometers, detectors, and variable size photon beams, reduce analysis time and increase spatial resolution. An XPS bibliometric map of the 10 000 articles indexed by Web of Science[1] identifies five research clusters: (i) nanoparticles, thin films, and surfaces; (ii) catalysis, oxidation, reduction, stability, and oxides; (iii) nanocomposites, graphene, graphite, and electro‐chemistry; (iv) photocatalysis, water, visible light, and ; and (v) adsorption, aqueous solutions, and waste water. 相似文献
136.
A quantitative methodology for particle suspension assessment is presented. A new parameter, fmov/tot, the ratio of the mean number of moving particles to the total number of particles, is introduced to evaluate the minimum speed required to just suspend solids. This approach is tested to investigate the impact of impeller clearance on the minimum impeller speed, Njs, in a vessel when using a radial flow Rushton turbine. Flow patterns and power numbers obtained experimentally and computationally support the suspension findings. Image analysis is an appropriate method for determining Njs. Lowering the impeller clearance reduces the speed required for particle suspension with a change of flow pattern from a radial discharge with two loops to a single loop scouring the vessel base. The power number also falls markedly at the two‐to‐one loop transition as does the strain rate near the base. 相似文献
137.
138.
Lorenzo Mino Valentina Bonino Federico Picollo Matteo Fretto Angelo Agostino Marco Truccato 《Advanced Electronic Materials》2019,5(6)
It is well known that intense synchrotron beams can alter the state of materials, but this effect is generally considered undesired radiation damage. The effect of local irradiation of TiO2 rutile single crystals is investigated by a 56 × 57 nm2 synchrotron X‐ray nanobeam at 17.4 keV. Aside from a transient increase of conductivity due to a photovoltaic‐like process, a nonvolatile localized change of resistance by about 4 orders of magnitude is measured after X‐ray exposure. This effect can be ascribed to the local generation of oxygen vacancies by the X‐ray nanoprobe, which are subsequently ordered by the electric field applied during the acquisition of I–V curves. These results demonstrate that intense synchrotron beams can create oxygen vacancies in materials with tightly bound oxygen atoms, highlighting that X‐ray nanoprobes could become an effective tool for oxide nanofabrication, able to locally tune the material resistivity. For instance, since the localized presence and migration of oxygen vacancies is an essential requisite for redox‐based memristive devices, the possibility to locally induce oxygen vacancies could represent a novel tool for the production of oxide‐based memristive devices, replacing the problematic electroforming step. 相似文献
139.
Shane M. Eaton John P. Hadden Vibhav Bharadwaj Jacopo Forneris Federico Picollo Federico Bosia Belen Sotillo Argyro N. Giakoumaki Ottavia Jedrkiewicz Andrea Chiappini Maurizio Ferrari Roberto Osellame Paul E. Barclay Paolo Olivero Roberta Ramponi 《Advanced Quantum Technologies》2019,2(5-6)
Diamond has attracted great interest as a quantum technology platform thanks to its optically active nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The NV's ground state spin can be read out optically, exhibiting long spin coherence times of ≈1 ms even at ambient temperatures. In addition, the energy levels of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Diamond photonics enhance optical interactions with NVs, beneficial for both quantum sensing and information. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NVs. However, it remains a significant challenge to fabricate photonics, NVs, and microfluidics in diamond. In this Progress Report, an overview is provided of ion irradiation and femtosecond laser writing, two promising fabrication methods for diamond‐based quantum technological devices. The unique capabilities of both techniques are described, and the most important fabrication results of color center, optical waveguide, and microfluidics in diamond are reported, with an emphasis on integrated devices aiming toward high performance quantum sensors and quantum information systems of tomorrow. 相似文献
140.