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61.
Mari Paz Lorenzo Sara Goñi Ana Guerrero 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(12):3071-3075
The activation of the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in portland cement paste immersed in sulfate solution has been studied. Mixtures of two Spanish fly ashes (ASTM class F) with 0%, 15%, and 35% replacement of portland cement by fly ash were immersed in Na2 SO4 solution, of 2880 ppm SO4 2− concentration, for a period of 90 days. The resistance of the different mixtures to the sulfate attack was evaluated using the Koch-Steinegger test. The results showed that all of the mixtures were sulfate resistant, despite the high Al2 O3 content of the fly ash. The diffusion of SO4 2− and Na+ ions through the pore solution activated the pozzolanic reactivity of the fly ashes, causing microstructural changes, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, the flexural strength of the mixtures increased, principally for the fly ash of a lower particle size and 35% of addition. 相似文献
62.
This retrospective analysis was conducted between May 1997 and May 2000 at the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil de Antímano, CANIA, in Caracas, Venezuela to assess the efficacy of two treatments (ambulatory versus day-care) of mild and moderate malnourished children. Inclusion criteria were: children under 10 years old with mild and moderate malnourishment, who attended a minimum of 3 control visits during a period of 12 months. One hundred fourteen malnourished children were included: fifty seven in ambulatory treatment and fifty seven in day-care treatment paired per nutritional diagnosis, gender and age (thirty nine mild and eighteen moderate malnourished children). The nutritional recovery criterion was weight for height above tenth percentile. No relation was found between treatment approaches and nutritional recovery at 3 and 6 months of treatment. In the group of mild malnourished children, the percentage of recovered patients at 3 months of treatment, that kept their recovered condition at 6 months was 83% (15/18) in the ambulatory treatment and 82% (18/22) in the day-care treatment Age of children, associated disease, acute morbidity, dietetic risk and mother's education and age were not associated with nutritional recovery at 6 months of treatment (p > 0.05). The day-care approach resulted as effective as ambulatory in mild malnourished children. In moderate malnourished new studies will need to be conducted with greater number of patients. 相似文献
63.
Beatriz Miranda Eva Díaz Salvador Ordez Fernando V. Díez 《Catalysis communications》2006,7(12):945-949
The performance of 0.5% Ru/Al2O3 for the deep oxidation of trichloroethene (1000–2500 ppmV, WHSV = 55 h−1) in air was studied in this work. Experiments were carried out both at dry and wet (20,000 ppmV of H2O) conditions. Catalytic performance was studied in terms of activity and selectivity for the different reaction products (CO2, HCl, Cl2, C2Cl4, CCl4 and CHCl3). Both the activity and the selectivity for total combustion are higher than other catalysts suggested in the literature for this process (especially Pd and Pt).The main organic by-products are CCl4 and CHCl3, whereas in all the other catalysts tested in the literature, tetrachloroethene is the main organic by-product. This fact suggests that the mechanism of the combustion reaction, involving a double-bond scission, is essentially specific for this catalyst.Kinetic data was fit to a pseudo-first order kinetic expression, providing fairly good fit. 相似文献
64.
Mari Lou Balmer Fred F. Lange Carlos G. Levi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(8):2069-2075
Aqueous solutions of zirconium acetate and aluminum nitrate were spray pyrolyzed at 250°C and upquenched to different temperatures to yield metastable solid solutions of composition Zr(1− x ) Alx O(2− x /2) . An amorphous oxide forms first during pyrolysis which subsequently crystallizes as a single phase for x ≤ 0.57 (≤40 mol% Al2 O3 ). The crystallization temperature increased with Al2 O3 content. Electron diffraction, supported by Raman spectroscopy, indicates that the initial phase is tetragonal. At higher temperatures, the initial solid solation partitions to other metastable phases, viz., t -ZrO2 +γ-Al2 O3 , prior to achieving their equilibrium phase assemblage, m -ZrO2 +α-Al2 O3 . Partitioning yields a nanocomposite microstructure with grain sizes of 20–100 nm, compared to the 3 to 5 nm in the initial, single phase. Compositions containing 45 to 50 mol% Al2 O3 concurrently crystallize and partition. The structure selected during crystallization and the partitioning phenomena are discussed in terms of diffusional constraints during crystallization, which are conceptually similar to those operating during rapid solidification. 相似文献
65.
Cecilia R. Lederhos Pablo C. L’Argentière Fernando Coloma-Pascual Nora S. Fígoli 《Catalysis Letters》2006,110(1-2):23-28
The 1-heptyne selective hydrogenation carried out at 150 kPa, and at 283 and 303 K using Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/C as catalysts, was studied. Catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation technique using RuCl3 as precursor. Ru/Al2O3 was treated in hydrogen at 373 or 573 K and Ru/C only at the last temperature. Catalysts were characterized by hydrogen chemisorption,
TPR and XPS. Ru dispersion after treatment in hydrogen at the highest temperature is similar for both catalysts. Ru is present
as Ru0 in Ru/C, while Ru0 and Ru electron-deficient species are present on the catalysts surface after hydrogen treatment at the two temperatures using
Al2O3 as support. The best catalytic behavior was observed for the highest temperature of hydrogen treatment and for 303 K reaction
temperature. As a consequence of a shape selectivity effect of the C support, the best conversion is obtained with the alumina
supported catalyst. 相似文献
66.
Katariina Rahkamaa-Tolonen Teuvo Maunula Mari Lomma Mika Huuhtanen Riitta L. Keiski 《Catalysis Today》2005,100(3-4):217-222
The activity of fresh and hydrothermally aged zeolite-based catalysts in the NH3-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction with excess of oxygen were studied. In addition, the effect of NO2 in the gas feed as well as the acidity of the catalysts for the SCR activity was investigated. The studied catalysts were hydrogen, copper, iron and silver ion exchanged ZSM-5, mordenite, beta, ferrierite, and Y-zeolites. The investigation verifies that the zeolite-based catalysts are very promising for the ammonia SCR reaction. Especially, the activity at low and high temperatures was higher than the activity of commercial vanadia-based catalysts. From the studied catalysts, Fe-beta was the most potential one. The presence of NO2 in the inlet flow enhanced significantly the catalytic activity of fresh and hydrothermally aged zeolite catalysts. This suggests that the oxidation of NO to NO2 is probably the rate-determining step for the SCR reaction. 相似文献
67.
Allemann C Gordillo R Clemente FR Cheong PH Houk KN 《Accounts of chemical research》2004,37(8):558-569
Computational studies have led to models to understand some classic and contemporary asymmetric reactions involving organocatalysts. The Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction and intermolecular aldol reactions as well as Mannich reactions and oxyaminations catalyzed by proline and other amino acids, and Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by MacMillan's chiral amine organocatalysts have been studied with density functional theory. Quantitative predictions for several new catalysts and reactions are provided. 相似文献
68.
Jonathan Wheeler Ángel Galán-Martín Fernando D. Mele Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2021,67(4):e17131
The design of sustainable supply chains, which recently emerged as an active area of research in process systems engineering, is vital to ensure sustainable development. Despite past and ongoing efforts, the available methods often overlook impacts beyond climate change or incorporate them via standard life cycle assessment metrics that are hard to interpret from an absolute sustainability viewpoint. We here address the design of biomass supply chains considering critical ecological limits of the Earth—planetary boundaries—which should never be surpassed by anthropogenic activities. Our method relies on a mixed-integer linear program that incorporates a planetary boundaries-based damage model to quantify absolute sustainability precisely. We apply this approach to the sugarcane-to-ethanol industry in Argentina, identifying the optimal combination of technologies and network layout that minimize the impact on these ecological boundaries. Our framework can find applications in a wide range of supply chain problems related to chemicals and fuels production, energy systems, and agriculture planning. 相似文献
69.
70.
The growing popularity of the Video on Demand service in the Internet Protocol Television environments and the demand for increased quality of the offered videos are becoming a serious threat for the service providers because the high amounts of video traffic are causing congestion in the delivery networks. One of the most acceptable approaches to solve this issue is the peer-assisted streaming, where the peers participate in the streaming process in order to alleviate the load on the streaming servers and in the core of the network. Although the reliability of the Peer-to-Peer service is considerably improved in the managed networks because of the control that the operators have over the clients’ Set-Top Boxes, the failures of the peers still cannot be completely eliminated. The operator can take advantage of the streaming and storage resources of the clients and use them for peer-assisted streaming only while they are watching a video, but not after they finish the streaming session because they may turn off their receiving devices until the next session. In this chapter, we address the issue of the failures of the peers in such environments and their influence on the traffic requested from the servers for providing uninterrupted video experience. For that purpose, we propose a precise mathematical tool for modelling a peer-assisted system for Video on Demand streaming in managed networks with non-cooperative peers, which may decide not to share their resources while they are not active. This tool calculates the performance of the system taking into consideration large variety of system parameters, including the failure probability and the time the peers spend until they decide to turn on the STB and join the network. As the results from the simulations verify the correctness of the mathematical model, we use it to analyse how the failures of the peers are affecting the system’s performance for different system parameters. 相似文献