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31.
In recent years methods have been developed to extract the seaward landfast ice edge from series of remote sensing images, with most of them relying on incoherent change detection in optical, infrared, or radar amplitude imagery. While such approaches provide valuable results, some still lack the required level of robustness and all lack the ability to fully automate the detection and mapping of landfast ice over large areas and long time spans. This paper introduces an alternative approach to mapping landfast ice extent that is based on coherent processing of interferometric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The approach is based on a combined interpretation of interferometric phase pattern and interferometric coherence images to extract the extent and stability of landfast ice. Due to the low complexity of the base imagery used for landfast ice extraction, significant improvements in automation and reduction of required manual interactions by operators can be achieved. A performance analysis shows that L-band interferometric SAR (InSAR) data enable the mapping of landfast ice with high robustness and accuracy for a wide range of environmental conditions. 相似文献
32.
Solvatochromic effects in the UV/VIS spectra of dyes can be applied to the monitoring of solvents in the gaseous phase. Within the class of solvatochromic dyes Reichhardt's betaine reveals an outstanding hypsochromic effect on protic solvents with a band shift of up to 350 nm. For vapor detection, the sensor behavior was optimized according to the linearity of the response signal, the sensitivity and a minimum influence of humidity by hydrophobizing siloxanes as additives. Furthermore, the dyes were immobilized under mild conditions by a sol–gel process which generates a high porosity for easy analyte access. The detection principle could be further extended to aprotic, polar solvents by embedding the dyes in protic matrices that form hydrogen bonds to the betaine oxygen. Then, the analyte disturbs the hydrogen bonds resulting in a bathochromic band shift resembling a back titration. Finally, the betaine phenol blue even allows the detection of halogenated hydrocarbons that lack a pronounced functionality but nonetheless a hyperchromic effect occurs during analyte exposition. Mechanistic aspects of these solvent absorption processes were traced by mass-sensitive measurements. 相似文献
33.
Physical workload of flight attendants when pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Ulrich Glitsch Hans Jürgen Ottersbach Rolf Ellegast Karlheinz Schaub Gerhard Franz Matthias Jger 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》2007,37(11-12):845
The musculoskeletal loads from moving trolleys aboard aircraft were assessed by observation of trolley handling on planes and by physical workload analyses of pushing and pulling of trolleys in a laboratory set up. Trolley handling by a total of 15 female flight attendants was observed on 10 short- and medium-distance flights in different types of aircraft. About 25 selected flight attendants (22 females; 3 males) of five German airlines took part in the laboratory study, which comprised three-dimensional (3D) measurements of posture and hand forces during pushing and pulling of trolleys in a variety of configurations. From the on-flight observations performed, between 150 and 250 trolley movements can be projected for a work shift. The greatest physical workload is to be expected at the beginning of service: The trolleys are fully laden then, and the cabin floor can still be inclined up to 8°, as the aircraft is still climbing, particularly on short-distance flights. The laboratory investigation revealed that the musculoskeletal workload from pushing and pulling depends essentially on the trolley load and on the gradient of the cabin floor. In addition, the degree of stressing depends significantly on the trolley type, mode of handling and personal dexterity. The up/down force component perpendicular to the direction of motion often achieved considerable amplitudes-in some cases equal to or exceeding the force in the direction of movement. The posture analysis demonstrated that pulling forced the flight attendants to adopt ergonomically unfavourable postures such as pronounced flexion of the back, particularly among female subjects. The highest values for flexion of the back occurred while pulling the half-size trolley. The results demonstrate that female flight attendants are likely to overload themselves if they frequently have to move heavily laden trolleys unaided on an inclined cabin floor.
Relevance to industry
On short distance flights, flight attendants have been complaining increasingly of high physical workload from manoeuvring trolleys. On the basis of the presented data airline companies may improve the trolley handling skills of their flight attendances by practical trainings and may ergonomically optimize the general service procedures aboard aircrafts. 相似文献34.
The focus of this article is to review recent techniques in proteomic analysis of ocular fluids. These fluids include tears, aqueous humor, and vitreous, they will also be compared to serum analysis. Furthermore, we attempt to summarize some disease correlated biomarkers in ocular fluids that were discovered through different proteomic techniques in eye diseases like dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, or diabetic retinopathy. This review is trying to point out the importance of these biomarkers for clinical applications. 相似文献
35.
Franz G. Mertens 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》1977,27(3-4):579-591
The transfer-integral (TI) method, developed especially for hard-core potentials, is tested with anx
2 + 3x3 + 4x4 potential by a comparison with other methods: In the harmonic approximation the improvement of the TI method over the self-consistent phonon (SCP) method is about as great as that of the SCP method over the random phase approximation (RPA). 相似文献
36.
Pernkopf F Wohlmayr M Tschiatschek S 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》2012,34(3):521-532
We present a maximum margin parameter learning algorithm for Bayesian network classifiers using a conjugate gradient (CG) method for optimization. In contrast to previous approaches, we maintain the normalization constraints on the parameters of the Bayesian network during optimization, i.e., the probabilistic interpretation of the model is not lost. This enables us to handle missing features in discriminatively optimized Bayesian networks. In experiments, we compare the classification performance of maximum margin parameter learning to conditional likelihood and maximum likelihood learning approaches. Discriminative parameter learning significantly outperforms generative maximum likelihood estimation for naive Bayes and tree augmented naive Bayes structures on all considered data sets. Furthermore, maximizing the margin dominates the conditional likelihood approach in terms of classification performance in most cases. We provide results for a recently proposed maximum margin optimization approach based on convex relaxation. While the classification results are highly similar, our CG-based optimization is computationally up to orders of magnitude faster. Margin-optimized Bayesian network classifiers achieve classification performance comparable to support vector machines (SVMs) using fewer parameters. Moreover, we show that unanticipated missing feature values during classification can be easily processed by discriminatively optimized Bayesian network classifiers, a case where discriminative classifiers usually require mechanisms to complete unknown feature values in the data first. 相似文献
37.
38.
Roman Beigelbeck Samir Cerimovic Almir Talic Franz Kohl Franz Keplinger 《Microsystem Technologies》2012,18(7-8):973-981
In diaphragm-based micromachined calorimetric flow sensors, convective heat transfer through the test fluid competes with the spurious heat shunt induced by the thin-film diaphragm where heating and temperature sensing elements are embedded. Consequently, accurate knowledge of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and emissivity of the diaphragm is mandatory for design, simulation, optimization, and characterization of such devices. However, these parameters can differ considerably from those stated for bulk material and they typically depend on the production process. We developed a novel technique to extract the thermal thin-film properties directly from measurements carried out on calorimetric flow sensors. Here, the heat transfer frequency response from the heater to the spatially separated temperature sensors is measured and compared to a theoretically obtained relationship arising from an extensive two-dimensional analytical model. The model covers the heat generation by the resistive heater, the heat conduction within the diaphragm, the radiation loss at the diaphragm’s surface, and the heat sink caused by the supporting silicon frame. This contribution summarizes the analytical heat transfer analysis in the microstructure and its verification by a computer numerical model, the measurement setup, and the associated thermal parameter extraction procedure. Furthermore, we report on measurement results for the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and effective emissivity obtained from calorimetric flow sensor specimens featuring dielectric thin-film diaphragms made of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride. 相似文献
39.
During and after rolling or flattening of metal strips and plates the permissible deviations from flatness are described by the permissible absolute wave height and the flatness index. Both values can be determined on a measuring table while the material is not subjected to global tension. Because this procedure is expensive, time‐consuming and allows measurement only at discrete positions along the strip length, on‐line flatness measuring systems are used which can detect the distribution of longitudinal tensile stresses distributed across the strip width allowing for the calculation of the flatness index. This value does not always agree with the value obtained directly by measuring on the table even when the measurement of the longitudinal tensile stress distribution operates perfectly. It can be shown that the measurement of the tensile stress distribution does not give a direct indication on the wave height in the tension‐free state determined on the measuring table. To explain the relationship between tensile stress distribution in the strip and the flatness measurement on the measuring table, the buckling behavior is analysed both with and without dead load for simple symmetrical residual stress distributions resulting, e.g., from the rolling process. Based on the knowledge of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses across the strip width, the flatness index and the wave height can be determined by using a specialized finite element model. If the direct measurement is performed under action of dead load, large differences between the directly and indirectly obtained flatness index are observed. Below a certain limit of the intensity of the residual stress distribution the strips and plates lie flat on the measuring table. Above this limit the strip lying on the table exhibits post‐bucking deformations. In the latter case, the wave height increases with strip thickness and intensity of residual stresses. 相似文献
40.
Dynamic linking of software components 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Traditionally, dynamic linkers merely combined previously compiled pieces of code. Faster processors are now making outright code generation at load time practical, leading to cross-platform portability at very little extra cost. While the central idea behind dynamic linking is quite straightforward, it can be implemented through a surprising variety of strategies. The author contrasts three simple dynamic linking schemes with two much more elaborate strategies. The latter represent a workload shift from the compiler to the dynamic linker, just as dynamic linking itself represents a shift that moves the functions of a separate linker into the loader. Because the new techniques promise the profound additional benefit of cross-platform portability, they will most likely displace the currently popular linking-loader approach 相似文献