裂缝周边脱砂带对裂缝扩展的控制作用

在脱砂压裂过程中,裂缝周边一旦形成砂桥,裂缝会在周边法向（缝长和缝高方向）停止增长,而缝宽则以较快的速度增长并形成相对意义上的“短宽裂缝”。从岩石造缝机理、流体力学和渗流力学的角度探讨了裂缝周边脱砂带对缝长和缝高的控制作用,并对“脱砂质量”问题作了简要分析。     

Effects of excess Te on the thermoelectric properties of p-type 25% Bi2Te3-75% Sb2Te3 single crystal and hot-pressed sinter

Effects of excess Te on the thermoelectric properties of p-type 25% Bi₂Te₃-75% Sb₂Te₃ single crystal and hot-pressed sinter were characterized and understood with the micro-phase diagram near the stoichiometric composition obtained by measuring the equilibrium Seebeck coefficient. Thermoelectric properties of the 25% Bi₂Te₃-75% Sb₂Te₃ single crystal were varied with the amount of excess Te, as -phase of the single crystal becomes less Te-deficient with adding more excess Te. However, thermoelectric properties of the hot-pressed sinter were not varied with the amount of excess Te, because the composition of -phase is not changed with the amount of excess Te. While a maximum figure-of-merit of 2.39 × 10^–3/K at 300 K was obtained for the 25% Bi₂Te₃-75% Sb₂Te₃ single crystal by adding 6 wt % excess Te, the hot-pressed 25% Bi₂Te₃-75% Sb₂Te₃ sinter exhibited the figure-of-merit of 2.97 × 10^–3/K regardless of the excess Te amount.     

Altération et rupture d'échantillons d'argilite lors de sollicitations thermomécaniques en conditions humides contrôlées

The objective of this work was to undertake creep tests on shale and describe the microtextural phenomena which initiate internal damage/rupture under thermomechanical loading and relative humidity conditions. The CGI test cell is a system developed at the Centre de Geologie de l'Ingénieur specifically to allow observation of the fabric of a thick slide (50×40×5?mm) at different magnifications during the test. The CGI test cell imposes both an axial and a planar strain on the sample. The first step is to prepare a thick slide from a core and to describe its "initial" state. The second stage is to undertake a creep test to rupture, while the third step is to study the fragments of the ruptured material using XRD (X-ray diffractometry), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry). The samples studied are from the shales of the Callovo-Oxfordian of the Paris Basin, to the south of Bar-le-Duc in the east of France. These rocks consist of clay minerals (illite and kaolinite), quartz, calcite (22.8%), dolomite, feldspar and pyrite (1%). The pyrite is essentially found in the bioclasts. The creep test is carried out under thermomechanical loading with an axial stress of up to 12?MPa and a temperature rising to 80??°C. The relative humidity is maintained at more than 90%. After 33?days the axial strain reached 0.76%, with rupture of the thick slide occurring 10?days later. The deformation was related to the texture/heterogeneity of the rock and occurred mainly along fissuring. Rupture also occurred along bedding planes, particularly where oxidized pyritic bioclasts were present. The chemical phenomena noted were in part related to the formation of iron hydroxides and sulphuric acid. This reacts with the calcite to form gypsum, which has a lower density than the original pyrite and calcite. The XRD indicated that the iron hydroxides observed on the discontinuities are dominantly limmonite. Examination of the SEM and EDS suggested an increase in porosity, even at some distance from the macroscopic fissures.     

Kinetics of NMBA polymerization in a starved feed reactor

A starved feed reactor (SFR) is a semibatch polymerization reactor in which initiator and monomer are fed slowly into a fixed amount of solvent. The polymerization is carried out isothermally at elevated temperatures. The added initiator decomposes instantaneously, and the added monomer polymerizes immediately. The monomer concentration in the SFR is very low, ideally approaching zero. The reactor is in a starved status for reactants. The molecular weight of the product polymer can be effectively controlled by the feed ratio of monomer to initiator. This article presents a study on the kinetics of NBMA polymerization in an SFR. The model parameters were regressed with the experimental data. Although the mass fraction of polymer in the SFR was high (higher than 50%), viscosity was not high and the “gel effect” was weak because of the low molecular weight of the products. It was found that the termination rate constant is a power function of polymer concentration, and the lumped rate constant, k_p/(k)^1/2, can be modeled by the Arrhenius equation. The initiator efficiency, f, remained constant at a temperature less than 120°C, and increased with the temperature increasing at temperatures greater 120°C. The other parameters remained constant in the experiment range. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2068–2075, 2001     

Improving Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase efficacy by additional mutations inside and outside the catalytic pocket

We describe a strategy that allowed us to confer on a bacterial (E. coli) alkaline phosphatase (AP) the high catalytic activity of the mammalian enzyme while maintaining its high thermostability. First, we identified mutations, at positions other than those occupied by essential catalytic residues, which inactivate the bacterial enzyme without destroying its overall conformation. We transferred concomitantly into the bacterial enzyme four residues of the mammalian enzyme, two being in the catalytic pocket and two being outside. Second, the gene encoding the inactive mutant was submitted to random mutagenesis. Enzyme activity was restored upon the single mutation D330N, at a position that is 12 A away from the center of the catalytic pocket. Third, this mutation was combined with other mutations previously reported to increase AP activity slightly in the presence of magnesium. As a result, at pH 10.0 the phosphatase activity of both mutants D330N/D153H and D330N/D153G was 17-fold higher than that of the wild-type AP. Strikingly, although the two individual mutations D153H and D153G destabilize the enzyme, the double mutant D330N/D153G remained highly stable (T(m)=87 degrees C). Moreover, when combining the phosphatase and transferase activities, the catalytic activity of the mutant D330N/D153G increased 40-fold (k(cat)=3200 s-1) relative to that of the wild-type enzyme (k(cat)=80 s-1). Due to the simultaneous increase in K(m), the resulting k(cat)/K(m) value was only increased by a factor of two. Therefore, a single mutation occurring outside a catalytic pocket can dramatically control not only the activity of an enzyme, but also its thermostability. Preliminary crystallographic data of a covalent D330N/D153G enzyme-phosphate complex show that the phosphate group has significantly moved away from the catalytic pocket, relative to its position in the structure of another mutant previously reported.     

An On-Line Multi-CBR Agent Dispatching Algorithm

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an effective and fast problem-solving methodology, which solves new problems by remembering and adaptation of past cases. With the increasing requests for useful references for all kinds of problems and from different locations, keeping a single CBR system seems to be outdated and not practical. Multi-CBR agents located in different places are of great support to fast meet these requests. In this paper, the architecture of a multi-CBR agent system is proposed, where each CBR agent locates at different places, and is assumed to have the same ability to deal with new problem independently. When requests in a request queue are coming one by one from different places, we propose a new policy of agent dispatching to satisfy the request queue. Throughout the paper, we assume that the system must solve the coming request by considering only past requests. In this context, the performance of traditional greedy algorithms is not satisfactory. We apply a new but simple approach – competitive algorithm for on-line problem (called ODAL) to determine the dispatching policy to keep comparative low cost. The corresponding on-line dispatching algorithm is proposed and the competitive ratio is given. Based on the competitive algorithm, the dispatching of multi-CBR agents is optimized.     

HTRDP evaluations on Chinese information processing and intelligent human-machine interface

From 1991 to 2005, China’s High Technology Research and Development Program (HTRDP) sponsored a series of technology evaluations on Chinese information processing and intelligent human-machine interface, which is called HTRDP evaluations, or “863” evaluations in brief. This paper introduces the HTRDP evaluations in detail. The general information of the HTRDP evaluation is presented first, including the history, the concerned technology categories, the organizer, the participants, and the procedure, etc. Then the evaluations on each technology are described in detail respectively, covering Chinese word segmentation, machine translation, acoustic speech recognition, text to speech, text summarization, text categorization, information retrieval, character recognition, and face detection and recognition. For the evaluations on each technology categories, the history, the evaluation tasks, the data, the evaluation method, etc., are given. The last section concludes the paper and discusses possible future work.     

Fuzzy knowledge representation and reasoning using a generalized fuzzy petri net and a similarity measure

In the study of weighted fuzzy production rules (WFPRs) reasoning, we often need to consider those rules whose consequences are represented by two or more propositions connected by “AND” or “OR”. To enhance the representation capability of those rules, this paper proposes two types of knowledge representation parameters, namely, the input weight and the output weight, for a rule. A Generalized Fuzzy Petri Net (GFPN) is also presented for WFPR reasoning. Furthermore, this paper gives a similarity measure to improve the evaluation method of WFPRs and the multilevel fuzzy reasoning in which the consequences and their certainty factors are deduced synchronously by using a GFPN.     

一个并行的文本聚类混合算法

针对海量文本聚类中面临的海量性、高维性以及聚类结果的可描述性难题,提出了一个并行的文本聚类混合算法parSHDC.该算法采用纵向的方式在多个处理机间划分数据集,根据频繁词集生成粗聚类,然后利用并行k-means算法精化粗聚类从而得到最终结果,并由k个频繁词集对聚簇提供描述.与另外两个并行聚类算法通过实验进行比较,parSHDC具有更好的并行性和对数据规模的适应性,且可以生成更高质量的聚类.     

基于DM642的红外图像处理系统的优化策略

提出了一种面向红外图像处理系统的优化设计方法。采用美国INFRARED-2500AS型红外探测器,以高性能数字媒体处理器DM642为核心搭建系统平台,对采集得到的红外图像进行图像插值、直方图均衡等处理,并通过视频编码器进行显示输出。在阐述了系统的体系结构和指令执行流程的基础上,从硬件和软件两方面介绍了相应的优化策略,包括系统电路设计的改进和存储器结构的调整,并利用DM642多媒体指令集等技术进行了代码优化。实验结果表明,经过优化的系统在速度和稳定性等方面均得到了明显的提高,可满足红外图像处理算法大数据量、高速传输、复杂运算的实际需求,并能够适用于野外较为恶劣的工作环境,可以在军事和民用等诸多领域发挥较大作用。