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61.
Toshihiko Tanaka Norio Hasegawa Hiroshi Shiraishi Shinji Okazaki 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1992,32(20):1545-1549
The multiple interference effect is one of the major causes of the fluctuation in critical dimension control (CD) and in mark detection for alignment. Suppressing this effect is critical for future photolithography. We propose a new photolithography technique called anti reflective coating on resist (ARCOR), which improves linewidth accuracy and overlay accuracy by suppressing multiple interference. ARCOR consists of relatively simple processes: A clear antireflective film is spun onto the resist prior to the mark detecting for alignment and exposure. The film is subsequently removed and the resist developed in the conventional way. ARCOR differs from ARC, which suppresses the reflection at the resist/substrate interface. ARCOR suppresses the reflection at the air/resist interface. ARCOR allows mark detection and exposure without light intensity-loss and multiple interference. The experiments mainly examine polysiloxane and perfluoroalkylpolyether as ARCOR materials. It is shown that linewidth accuracy can be improved from 0.3 to 0.03 μm. The signal-to-noise ratio of the alignment signal is drastically improved, and the overlay error is about half that of the conventional method. ARCOR is also effective for directly measuring the reflectivity at the resist/substrate interface, which is a key parameter of the multiple interference effect and the halation. Using ARCOR and a thin resist film, the measured ratio of reflected light to incident light indicates the reflectivity at the resist/substrate interface. Because, the probe light does not reflect off the resist surface and the intensity-loss at the resist surface is suppressed. With perfluoroalkylpolyether film, the measurement error is ~ 1.5%. 相似文献
62.
p-Methylphenylalkylsulfide of various alkyl chain length as extractant were synthesized and the extraction of palladium was examined in terms of equilibrium and kinetics. Distribution ratio of Pd was independent of alkyl chain length. For aqueous chloride media, there was a significant difference in distribution ratios for the solution of NaC1 and HC1. The results of loading test and the slope analysis suggest that the extractant and Pd (Ⅱ) form 2:1 complex. Furthermore, the extraction rate based on the volume of aqueous phase was obtained in a stirred vessel, and the rate equation was presented. Unfortunately, it was difficult to construct surfactant liquid membrane system by use of the present extractant. 相似文献
63.
Reactive blending of polyamide 6 (PA) with polyethylene (PE) having reactive sites, maleic anhydride (MAH content=0.1 wt%),and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA content=3-12 wt%), was carried out at 70/30 and 65/35 (PA/PE) blend ratios. Blend morphology evolved by reactive blending was analyzed by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The blends were then irradiated by electron beam. The degree of crosslinking was estimated by measuring the dynamic storage modulus at a temperature above melting point of PA. It was found that surface-to-surface interparticle distance τ was significantly reduced by the micelle formation via pull-out of in situ-formed graft copolymers. The blend with shorter τ was crosslinked by electron-beam irradiation at the lower dose level. A blend having the minimum τ (∼0.2 μm) was nicely crosslinked at a low dose level same as for PE, and even for the PA matrix system. 相似文献
64.
In order to study the deformation mechanism of type II stretching, the change in orientation during the restretching and subsequent thermal contraction was investigated by x-ray diffraction method. When a uniaxially oriented film is restretched, the lamellae which are stacked in the stretching direction by the stretching rotate as a whole toward the restretching axis. They rotate backward nearly reversibly during the thermal contraction, unless the restretching exceeds a balancing state, where the orientation in the film plane are equal in all directions. However, when the restretching degree is so high and the film orientation exceeds the balancing state, the lamellar rotation is accompanied by a complex phenomenon. It is considered from the wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction patterns that the lamellar surface becomes indented because of slippage between microfibrils composing the lamellae, and the microfibrils themselves bend at the boundary between the amorphous and crystalline regions within which the tilting of c-axis also occurs. Upon contracting of the film; these changes recover, but even in the last stage of contraction the orientation approaches the symmetrical biaxial orientation but not the uniaxial orientation from which the biaxial orientation is started. These orientation and disorientation behaviors are not affected basically by a slight change in the restretching temperature and the degree of stretching. 相似文献
65.
Maeda Yoshitake; Koga Hiroshi; Yamada Hidenori; Ueda Tadashi; Imoto Taiji 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1995,8(2):201-205
To increase the folding yield of concentrated reduced lysozyme,we developed a renaturation method by means of dialysis fromconcentrated urea with redox agents. After lysozyme was incubatedin the reducing buffer (8 M urea solution) with oxidized glutathione,renaturation of reduced lysozyme was started by dialysis againstthe dialyzing buffer containing 8 M urea with redox agents.The urea concentration of the dialyzing bottle was graduallydiluted with dialyzing buffer without urea at a flow rate of0.1 ml/min by high pressure pump. Using this systematic dialysis,a concentration as high as 5 mg/ml of reduced lysozyme couldbe renaturated in 80% yield, while the folding yield was <5%even at a concentration of 1 mg/ml using a conventional rapiddilution method [Goldberg et al. (1991) Biochemistry, 30, 27902797].Therefore, it was concluded that gentle removal of urea fromdenatured proteins, dissolved in concentrated urea solution,by means of dialysis should be useful to renature denaturedproteins effectively. 相似文献
66.
Hidemitsu Hojo Wataru Toyoshima Masayasu Tamura Noriyuki Kawamura 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1974,14(9):604-609
Particulate-filled thermosetting composites are widely used, yet little systematic work has been done on their long-term strength characteristics. In this study short-term tensile, flexural, and impact tests as well as tensile creep-rupture tests were made for unfilled and filled epoxy to clarify the effects of filler size, filler content, and temperature. Fillers used were silica, alumina particles, and glass beads. Test temperatures were varied from 25 to 110°C. As a result of short-term testing, it was found that the Petch relation held between strength and filler size if brittle fracture occurred, while a strength and filler size if brittle fracture occurred, while a strengthening effect existed when ductile fracture occurred. On creeprupture testing, a strengthening is observed with filler size and content for silica and glass beads. The Arrhenius plot of rupture time for various filler sizes and contents converges to a characteristic point corresponding to the glass transition temperature of the material. Using this relation, a modified Larson-Miller master rupture curve is proposed which can predict the long-term strength of particulate-filled thermosetting composites as functions of rupture time, temperature, filler size, and content. 相似文献
67.
Reo Matsumura Masahiro Shiomi Takahiro Miyashita Hiroshi Ishiguro Norihiro Hagita 《Advanced Robotics》2015,29(7):469-480
This study addresses a floor identification method for small humanoid robots that work in such daily environments as homes. The fundamental difficulty lays in a method to understand the physical properties of floors. To achieve floor identification with small humanoid robots, we used inertial sensors that can be easily installed on such robots, and dynamically selected a full-body motion that physically senses floors to achieve accurate floor identification. We collected a training data-set over 10 different kinds of common floors in home environments. We achieved 85.7% precision with our proposed method. We also demonstrate that our robot could appropriately change its locomotion behaviours depending on the floor identification results. 相似文献
68.
The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a unicellular and multinuclear giant amoeba that has an amorphous cell body. To clearly observe how the plasmodium makes decisions in its motile and exploratory behaviours, we developed a new experimental system to pseudo-discretize the motility of the organism. In our experimental space that has agar surfaces arranged in a two-dimensional lattice, the continuous and omnidirectional movement of the plasmodium was limited to the stepwise one, and the direction of the locomotion was also limited to four neighbours. In such an experimental system, a cellular automata-like system was constructed using the living cell. We further analysed the exploratory behaviours of the plasmodium by duplicating the experimental results in the simulation models of cellular automata. As a result, it was revealed that the behaviours of the plasmodium are not reproduced by only local state transition rules; and for the reproduction, a kind of historical rule setting is needed. 相似文献
69.
70.
In this paper, we propose a novel method to achieve both dense 3D reconstruction of the scene and estimation of the camera intrinsic parameters by using coplanarities and other constraints (e.g., orthogonalities or parallelisms) derived from relations between planes in the scene and reflected curves of line lasers captured by a single camera. In our study, we categorize coplanarities in the scene into two types: implicit coplanarities, which can be observed as reflected curves of line lasers, and explicit coplanarities, which are, for example, observed as walls of a building. By using both types of coplanarities, we can construct simultaneous equations and can solve them up to four degrees of freedom. To upgrade the solution to the Euclidean space and estimate the camera intrinsic parameters, we can use metric constraints such as orthogonalities of the planes. Such metric constraints are given by, for example, observing the corners of rectangular boxes in the scene, or using special laser projecting device composed of two line lasers whose laser planes are configured to be perpendicular. 相似文献