Effect of soft‐storey mechanism caused by infill elimination on displacement demand in nonlinear static procedure using coefficient method

In recent earthquakes, many buildings have been damaged due to the soft‐storey mechanism failure. The seismic design codes for buildings do not contain enough criteria to predict the real displacement of such buildings. This paper focuses on evaluating the nonlinear displacement of buildings that fail in soft‐storey mechanism form. Results show that the nonlinear static procedure with coefficient method, which is described in Chapter 3 of ASCE/SEI 41‐06, does not have sufficient accuracy for estimation of structure displacement demand in such buildings. In this paper, the coefficient methodology is used for evaluating the target displacement for 5‐storey, 8‐storey and 15‐storey special moment resisting steel frames. For this purpose, dynamic nonlinear time‐history analysis has been applied for the mentioned structures having a soft‐storey mechanism failure form. The numerical results of storey displacement and interstorey drift were compared with those values obtained from the coefficient method described in Chapter 3 of ASCE/SEI 41‐06. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conducting polymerized high‐internal‐phase emulsion/single‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite foams: Effect of the aqueous‐phase surfactant type on the morphology and conductivity

Poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)/single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) polymerized high‐internal‐phase emulsion (polyHIPE) nanocomposite foams were successfully synthesized with various types of aqueous‐phase surfactants. The effects of anionic, cationic, nonionic, and mixed surfactants on the morphology and electrical conductivity of the resulting nanocomposite foams were investigated. The use of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzesulfonate (SDBS), did not completely result in the typical polyHIPE nanocomposite foam microstructure because of the partial instability of the high‐internal‐phase emulsion. The nanocomposite foams synthesized by nonionic surfactants, that is, Pluronic F127 and Triton X‐100, and the cationic/anionic mixture, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/SDBS, exhibited the proper morphology, but the resulting nanocomposite foams were electrically insulators. Interestingly, the use of a Gemini‐like surfactant, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS), significantly improved both the typical morphology and electrical properties of the resulting nanocomposite foams because of the probable stronger interactions of SDOSS molecules with SWCNTs. The typical morphology of the nanocomposite foam synthesized with the SDOSS/F127 mixed surfactant was significantly improved, but the electrical conductivity decreased to some extent compared with the SDOSS‐synthesized nanocomposite foams. This behavior was attributed to an increase in the tunneling length of the electrons between adjacent SWCNTs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43883.     

The morphology and gas‐separation performance of membranes comprising multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polysulfone–Kapton

The development of desirable chemical structures and properties in nanocomposite membranes involve steps that need to be carefully designed and controlled. This study investigates the effect of adding multiwalled nanotubes (MWNT) on a Kapton–polysulfone composite membrane on the separation of various gas pairs. Data from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirm that some studies on the Kapton–polysulfone blends are miscible on the molecular level. In fact, the results indicate that the chemical structure of the blend components, the Kapton–polysulfone blend compositions, and the carbon nanotubes play important roles in the transport properties of the resulting membranes. The results of gas permeability tests for the synthesized membranes specify that using a higher percentage of polysulfone (PSF) in blends resulted in membranes with higher ideal selectivity and permeability. Although the addition of nanotubes can increase the permeability of gases, it decreases gas pair selectivity. Furthermore, these outcomes suggest that Kapton–PSF membranes with higher PSF are special candidates for CO₂/CH₄ separation compared to CO₂/N₂ and O₂/N₂ separation. High CH₄, CO₂, N₂, and O₂ permeabilities of 0.35, 6.2, 0.34, and 1.15 bar, respectively, are obtained for the developed Kapton–PSF membranes (25/75%) with the highest percentage of carbon nanotubes (8%), whose values are the highest among all the resultant membranes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43839.     

Synthesis and architecture study of a reactive polybutadiene polyamine as a toughening agent for epoxy resin

In this study, a novel reactive toughener for the epoxy resin was developed and compared with traditional hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). For this purpose, the highly reactive aliphatic amine‐terminated polybutadiene (ATPB) was synthesized at ambient conditions by nucleophilic substitution amination. The characterizations of the product were provided by Fourier transform infrared and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. According to the mechanical test results, incorporation of ATPB into epoxy networks can significantly toughen the epoxy matrix. The addition of 10 phr ATPB increased the critical stress intensity factor (K_IC) and critical strain energy release rate (G_IC) of the epoxy from 0.85 to 2.16 MPa m^1/2 and from 0.38 to 3.02 kJ m^?2, respectively. Furthermore, unlike HTPB, the presence of the ATPB did not deteriorate the tensile strength of the matrix. The toughening and failure mechanisms were discussed based on the epoxy network morphological characteristics. The reduction in cross‐linking density and glass transition temperature of the epoxy system upon modification with liquid rubbers was confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis. This article opens up the possibility of utilizing reactive flexible diamines with polybutadiene backbone as effective toughening agents for thermoset polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44061.     

Electrochemical Synthesis of Cu (II) Coordination Polymer Coatings Based on 2,2′-Thiodiacetic Acid and 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylate

Electrochemical synthesis of coordination polymers of Cu(II), [Cu(TDA)]_n and [Cu₂(BTC)(H₂O)₆?6H₂O]_n in which H₂TDA is 2,2′-thiodiacetic acid and BTC stands for 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate was carried out by the electrochemical oxidation of Cu anode in the presence of H₂TDA (a flexible ligand), and 1,2,4,5-benzentetracarboxylic acid (H₄BTC) (a rigid ligand) in aqueous solutions. The structure of coordination polymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The crystal structure of the compounds consists of one-dimensional cubical crystal polymeric units of [Cu(TDA)]_n and [Cu₂(BTC)(H₂O)₆?6H₂O]_n. Furthermore, the coordination number of Cu (II) ions in synthesized coordination polymers to be found five. The main advantages of electrosynthesis are the minor synthesis time, the milder conditions and the facile synthesis of coordination polymer coatings.     

Synthesis and Spark Plasma Sintering of Mg2Si Nanopowder by Mechanical Alloying and Heat Treatment

In this investigation, a two‐step method for the preparation of magnesium silicide (Mg₂Si) nanopowder was studied. This method is known as mechanical alloying followed by heat treatment. The results showed that the compositions of the combustion products depended on the milling time, heat treatment temperature, and starting mixtures. Pure Mg₂Si nanopowder was formed after short milling time and heat treatment, from Mg and Si powders with the mole ratio of 2.1:1 (Mg:Si) at 500°C in Ar atmosphere. Using the Mg₂Si nanopowder, Mg₂Si ceramic was produced by spark plasma sintering at 800°C under 50 MPa for 15 min. Composition and structure of reactants and products were examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM).     

MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Oxidant for Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of 2-substituted Benzimidazoles under Mild Conditions

In this article, a novel method for synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles using MnO₂ nanoparticles as a convenient oxidant agent in ethanol-water (1:1) as solvent under ultrasound irradiation was demonstrated. In this protocol the desired products were purely obtained in high yields. The main advantages of this research are: mild procedure, simplicity of method, easily work-up, high yields, and short reaction times. The MnO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized through a solid-state reaction route using simple strarting materials. Furthermore, their structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).     

Influence of the Disk Diameter and Baffle Position on the Performance of Generated Colloidal Gas Aphrons

Aphrons are surfactant‐stabilized microbubbles with thick soapy shells. Colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) with an average diameter of 50 μm have some unique properties: a high interfacial area due to their small size, a thick soapy shell and, above all, high stability compared to conventional foams. Various factors that can influence the performance of CGA dispersion, such as the type and concentration of surfactant, mixing time and processing parameters, have already been extensively studied. However, although CGA applications in various fields continue to advance, the influence of the disk diameter and baffle position of the aphron generator on the performance of CGAs has not been well studied. In this experimental work, the influences of the spinning disk diameter and baffle position inside the aphron generator have been investigated. Analyzing the drainage curve of various experimental runs revealed that the disk diameter and baffle position might have a positive impact on the stability of CGA dispersion particularly when the generation time or surfactant concentration is low. The experimental findings have been supported by other techniques such as half‐life time and a new stability index, T_0.1, the time elapsed when the drained liquid from CGA dispersion reaches ten percent of its final height.     

Enhanced functionality of colloidal polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite as an antibacterial agent

This study describes the preparation of colloidal polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PAn/PVA) nanocomposite by chemical polymerization of aniline (AN) in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant and PVA as a stabilizer. The product was characterized morphologically using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemically using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and optically UV–visible. The prepared polymer was then tested for the antibacterial properties against gram‐negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa); and gram‐positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The antibacterial properties were assessed by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and the bactericidal effect methods. The results clearly showed that colloidal PAn/PVA nanocomposite strongly inhibits the growth of wild‐type E. coli (19 ± 0.5) mm followed by P. aeruginosa (17 ± 0.5 mm) and S. aureus (17.5 ± 0.5 mm) bacteria. S. aureus was completely killed after exposure for only 15 min, whereas S. aureus and E. coli were completely killed after exposure for 25 min. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:267–272, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers