The effects of CO2 on the components of breathing pattern

Experiments were performed on 12 rabbits in 4 experimental groups: A. breathing spontaneously; B. nonparalysed and ventilated by means of a pump driven by the integrated phrenic nerve activity; C. paralysed and ventilated as mentioned above; D. like in the group C, but subjected to bilateral vagotomy. The relationships were investigated between the chosen basic parameters describing the rhythm and depth of respiration in steady states during exposure to hypercapnic mixtures. A high correlation was found between the amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve activity and the time of inspiration which is modified by the afferent activities from the lungs and thorax TI and TE seem to be controlled by different mechanisms, and the contribution of TE to the control of the cycle duration is greater than that of TI.     

Strain Effects and Spalling in Alpha-Bombarded ThO2

Samples of bulk polycrystalline ThO₂ were bombarded with 5-MeV α-particles to doses between 9.4×10¹⁶ and 6.0×10¹⁷ ions/cm². The sample which received the highest dose spalled during bombardment; those receiving lower doses either did not spall or did so only after postirradiation annealing. The spalling was investigated by X-ray analysis and replica and transmission electron microscopy. It is concluded that spalling resulted from severe lattice strains at the interface between damaged and undamaged material and that sintering pores played a part in the fracture process. The role of lattice defects in initiating fracture is discussed.     

Defect Structure of NiO-CoO Solid Solutions

Measurements at high temperature of integrated intensities of Bragg peaks were used to examine the defect structure in two NiO-CoO solid solutions. The results indicate that the concentrations of vacant cation sites at 1100° to 1500°C are 4 to 10% and the tetrahedral occupations 2 to 5%. The concentration of these defects increases with temperature and partial pressure of O₂. The mean-square displacements of oxygen ions and cations increase with temperature and CoO concentration.     

Interdiffusion in CoO-NiO Solid Solutions

Interdiffusion coefficients were measured in CoO-NiO solid solutions over the range 1000° to 1600°C in air and at po₂=5×10⁻⁸ atm. Isothermal values of the interdiffusion coefficients in this system increased exponentially with the CoO concentration. Comparison of the present results with cation-tracer diffusion coefficients for this system measured under similar conditions by Chen and Peterson shows that a Darken-type equation relating the interdiffusion coefficient to the cation-tracer diffusivities is valid for these data.     

USE OF ULTRAFILTRATION/REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS FOR THE CONCENTRATION AND FRACTIONATION OF WHEY

SUMMARY– Existing ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis technology provides a means of fractionating and concentrating cheese whey into liquid fractions containing a variety of protein: lactose ratios. These ratios may range from about 1:8 (raw whey) through 3:5 (a "skim milk equivalent") to 2:1 or higher. If a two- or three-stage ultrafiltration system were used with water injection between stages, a product with a protein:lactose ratio of 20:1 could be obtained. The exact protein:lactose ratio in the concentrate stream is a function of the permeability and selectivity characteristics of the membrane, and the system design and operating conditions. Some of the sanitation problems associated with the introduction of these new unit operations in the dairy and food processing industries are also treated at length.