Urine nitrification and sewer discharge to realize in-sewer denitrification to simplify sewage treatment in Hong Kong

The chemically enhanced primary treatment works in Hong Kong will be upgraded for biological nitrogen removal. This study proposed a novel approach to waive the upgrading by urine source-separation, onsite nitrification and discharge of nitrified urine into sewers to achieve in-sewer denitrification. Human urine was collected and a lab-scale experiment for full urine nitrification was conducted. The results showed that full nitrification was achieved with alkaline addition. Simulation of nitrified urine discharge into an 8-km pressure main in Hong Kong was conducted with a quasi-2D dynamic sewer model developed from a previously calibrated sewer biofilm model. It was assumed that 70% of the residents' urine was collected and fully nitrified on-site. The simulation results revealed that the proposed approach is effective in removal of nitrogen within the sewer, which decreases ammonia-N at the sewer outlet to a level required for secondary effluent discharge in Hong Kong.     

Adsorption behavior of activated carbon derived from pyrolusite-modified sewage sludge: equilibrium modeling, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Activated carbon was developed from sewage sludge using pyrolusite as an additive. It was demonstrated that the removal efficiency of two synthetic dyes (Tracid orange GS and Direct fast turquoise blue GL) by the produced adsorbent was up to 97.6%. The activated carbon with pyrolusite addition had 38.2% higher surface area, 43.8% larger micropore and 54.4% larger mesopore production than ordinary sludge-based activated carbons. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also investigated based on dyes adsorption tests. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption, and the results fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic data have been analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equation. The experimental data fitted very well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Activation energies for the adsorption processes ranged between 8.7 and 19.1 kJ mol 1. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (deltaG0), standard enthalpy (deltaH0) and standard entropy (deltaS0) were evaluated. The adsorption of these two dyes on the activated carbon was found to be a spontaneous and endothermic process in nature.     

糯扎渡水电站大坝基础帷幕灌浆施工

1 概述 糯扎渡水电站工程属大(1)型Ⅰ等工程,永久性主要水工建筑物为1级建筑物.工程以发电为主兼有防洪、灌溉、养殖和旅游等综合利用效益,水库具有多年调节性能.该工程由心墙堆石坝、左岸溢洪道、左岸泄洪隧洞、右岸泄洪隧洞、左岸地下式引水发电系统及导流工程等建筑物组成.水库库容为237.03×10<'8>m<'3>,电站装机容量5850 MW(9×650 MW),坝高261.5 m.     

淄博市节水灌溉模式调查及效益分析

以淄博市典型的大田喷灌、果树微灌、蔬菜滴灌工程为对象,与传统地面畦灌进行了对比试验。对已建节水灌溉工程经济效益进行了抽样调查,得到了与试验结果类似的结论。山区、丘陵区喷灌工程的节水效果、增产效果及节电效果都明显优于平原区,表明喷灌工程在山区、丘陵区更具有推广价值。     

三峡水库地质灾害防治措施分析与建议

自1992年以来,国家投入巨资对三峡库区地质灾害进行了治理,已有1 000余处地质灾害得到妥善防治。而在确保治理效果的基础上,采取针对性强、技术经济指标优的防治措施是十分必要的。结合防治工程所采取工程措施,进行了技术与经济指标的总结分析,并据此提出防治措施建议,即应针对不同的灾害类型,采取相应的治理措施,以期达到效果好、见效快、投资省的目的。     

广州市中心城区污泥处置项目管理的实践探索

针对广州市中心城区污泥处置项目存在的若干问题,探索了价格审核、过程监管、地磅精确计量以及转运联单制度、外运单位与处置单位相对分离制度、价量联动制度以及安全生产等管理措施,有效解决了污泥的外运处置问题及突发性事件,确保了污水处理系统的正常运行.在实践管理中,提出了广州市中心城区污泥处置应尽快建设集中式的污泥处理处置中心和污泥处理数据库管理中心的管理思路,使污泥项目管理常规化、数字化和网络化.     

水库水中有机物特性对生成消毒副产物的影响

饮用水中消毒副产物( DBPs)对人体健康构成极大威胁,明确水源水中有机物的特性及对DBPs生成的影响,是实现DBPs有效源头控制的关键环节.研究探讨了上海某水库水源水中有机物不同组分与消毒副产物生成潜能之间的关系,为水处理工艺及饮用水安全保障技术研究提供基础性数据.结果表明,水样中亲水性有机物比例占到60％左右;各组分的相对分子质量分布情况以小于1 000的小分子为主;加强消毒前水处理工艺对亲水性和小分子有机物的去除,可以有效控制DBPs的生成.     

高增益轨对轨运算放大器的设计实现

为提高运放性能和增大输入输出信号动态范围,往往采用轨对轨输入输出结构的运放。介绍了一款基于0.35umCMOS工艺设计的恒定跨导轨对轨输入/输出运算放大器,不同于传统的输入结构,该电路采用了一种改进的输入结构和CLASSAB输出结构,两级的折叠共源共栅运放,其输入和输出均能工作在轨对轨的范围内。仿真结果表明该电路在整个共模电平范围内直流增益大于90dB,输出摆幅可达到100mV~vdd-100mV,功耗仅为300uW。电路结构简单紧凑,实现了在整个共模电平范围内的高增益,可广泛应用于精密放大领域。     

Dynamic evolution of collective emotions in social networks: a case study of Sina weibo

Emotion is a fundamental object of human existence and determined by a complex set of factors. With the rapid development of online social networks (OSNs), more and more people would like to express their emotion in OSNs, which provides wonderful opportunities to gain insight into how and why individual emotion is evolved in social network. In this paper, we focus on emotion dynamics in OSNs, and try to recognize the evolving process of collective emotions. As a basis of this research, we first construct a corpus and build an emotion classifier based on Bayes theory, and some effective strategies (entropy and salience) are introduced to improve the performance of our classifier, with which we can classify any Chinese tweet into a particular emotion with an accuracy as high as 82%. By analyzing the collective emotions in our sample networks in detail, we get some interesting findings, including a phenomenon of emotion synchronization between friends in OSNs, which offers good evidence for that human emotion can be spread from one person to another. Furthermore, we find that the number of friends has strong correlation with individual emotion. Based on those useful findings, we present a dynamic evolution model of collective emotions, in which both self-evolving process and mutual-evolving process are considered. To this end, extensive simulations on both real and artificial networks have been done to estimate the parameters of our emotion dynamic model, and we find that mutual-evolution plays a more important role than self-evolution in the distribution of collective emotions. As an application of our emotion dynamic model, we design an efficient strategy to control the collective emotions of the whole network by selecting seed users according to k-core rather than degree.     

On finite-time stability and stabilization of nonlinear port-controlled Hamiltonian systems

The finite-time stability and stabilization of nonlinear port-controlled Hamiltonian(PCH)systems are investigated in this paper,and a number of new results are proposed.Firstly,by exploiting the Hamiltonian structural properties,a proper form of the Hamiltonian function is obtained,based on which a finite-time stability criterion is then presented for a class of Hamiltonian systems.Secondly,using the obtained stability criterion and the so-called"energy shaping plus damping injection"technique,the continuous finite-time stabilization problem is studied for the PCH system,and several global stabilization results are provided.Finally,the continuous robust finite-time stabilization of the PCH system with external disturbances is investigated,and two results on designing global robust finite-time stabilizers are obtained.Study of several examples with numerical simulations shows that the control design approach developed in this paper works very well.