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51.
This article aims to illuminate the complexities involved in efforts to influence China's energy future. It brings forth three observations. First: China's authoritarian appearance is deceptive. Second: learning about concealed but pivotal actors and their motivations is not easy but important. Third: technology diffusion is obstructed by differences in expectations. Three summarising messages conclude the presentation, noting that in order to progress one needs to (i) look beyond official consensus, (ii) address differences in technology perceptions and (iii) be watchful of the inconclusiveness of synthesised information—such as projections of the future. These findings are the result of an analytic and China-oriented exploration of three adjoining fields, i.e. of actors and their different roles in decision-making, of two recent energy futures studies, and of conceptual frameworks for understanding technology. 相似文献
52.
Anette Kocbach Bølling Joakim Pagels Karl Espen Yttri Lars Barregard Gerd Sallsten Per E Schwarze Christoffer Boman 《Particle and fibre toxicology》2009,6(1):29-20
Background
Residential wood combustion is now recognized as a major particle source in many developed countries, and the number of studies investigating the negative health effects associated with wood smoke exposure is currently increasing. The combustion appliances in use today provide highly variable combustion conditions resulting in large variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the emitted particles. These differences in physicochemical properties are likely to influence the biological effects induced by the wood smoke particles. 相似文献53.
Abstract. This article proposes Lagrange multiplier‐based tests for the null hypothesis of no cointegration. The tests are general enough to allow for heteroskedastic and serially correlated errors, deterministic trends, and a structural break of unknown timing in both the intercept and slope. The limiting distributions of the test statistics are derived, and are found to be invariant not only with respect to the trend and structural break, but also with respect to the regressors. A small Monte Carlo study is also conducted to investigate the small‐sample properties of the tests. The results reveal that the tests have small size distortions and good power relative to other tests. 相似文献
54.
The dependence on the hydration rate for Alite and Belite clinker phases in the presence of a polycarboxylate superplasticizer
PC SP upon addition of colloidal nano-silica CNS were monitored by means of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared spectroscopy DR-FTIR.
Spectral signatures of clinker dissolution and product formation were acquired for both materials. The rates for the build-up
of product vibrational band intensities were found to depend sensitively on addition of CNS. The hydration product was proposed
to be calcium-silicate-hydrate C–S–H. Details in the spectral signatures were found to differ. Quantum chemical calculations
were employed and found to be consistent with the interpretation that small clusters dominate the Alite C–S–H spectrum, whereas
the Belite C–S–H spectrum results from extended polymers. 相似文献
55.
Joakim Beck Ben Mansour Dia Luis Espath Raúl Tempone 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2020,121(15):3482-3503
An optimal experimental set-up maximizes the value of data for statistical inferences. The efficiency of strategies for finding optimal experimental set-ups is particularly important for experiments that are time-consuming or expensive to perform. In the situation when the experiments are modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs), multilevel methods have been proven to reduce the computational complexity of their single-level counterparts when estimating expected values. For a setting where PDEs can model experiments, we propose two multilevel methods for estimating a popular criterion known as the expected information gain (EIG) in Bayesian optimal experimental design. We propose a multilevel double loop Monte Carlo, which is a multilevel strategy with double loop Monte Carlo, and a multilevel double loop stochastic collocation, which performs a high-dimensional integration on sparse grids. For both methods, the Laplace approximation is used for importance sampling that significantly reduces the computational work of estimating inner expectations. The values of the method parameters are determined by minimizing the computational work, subject to satisfying the desired error tolerance. The efficiencies of the methods are demonstrated by estimating EIG for inference of the fiber orientation in composite laminate materials from an electrical impedance tomography experiment. 相似文献
56.
This paper analyses how different actors influence the sorting quality of waste at recycling centres. Users (i.e. citizens) play an essential role since they conduct the actual sorting. They have difficulties sorting many of their discarded products, leading to decreased performance of the entire waste management system of which recycling centres are a part. Several measures addressing this problem are identified such as product design, improved terminology for labelling waste and increased manning at recycling centres. A fundamental task for managers and employees is to further develop information and guidance for users, both at home and at recycling centres. Several obstacles for improvements are also discussed, including working conditions and the economy of recycling centres, as well as the routines for communication and quality assurance among actors in the recycling business. 相似文献
57.
In spite of predictions to the contrary, video on demand service has yet to become a significant channel for distribution
of audiovisual entertainment to consumers’ homes. In this paper, we examine the market for video on demand service under the
assumption that quality of service is a threshold factor that consumers take into consideration when making their purchasing
decision. Given this characteristic of consumer behavior, we model the joint demand for video on demand service and broadband
network access. We then proceed to characterize the optimal solution to monopolist and duopolist content providers’ price
and quantity decisions in this market. The comparative statics results are extended in a two-period game theoretic framework
that addresses the timing issue of service adoption. 相似文献
58.
Several companies have developed their own company-specific models for ergonomic improvements. This study aims to describe and identify factors supporting and hindering the implementation and application of one such corporate model for ergonomic assessment and improvement. The model has been developed by Volvo Car Corporation and implemented at an assembly plant in G?teborg, Sweden. The model is unique as it is intended to be used by production engineers and safety representatives in cooperation. The process for assessment of musculoskeletal risks is standardised and participatory, which also supports identification of solutions. Interviews, questionnaires, observation and document studies were used to evaluate the use of the model. The model was found to improve participation and collaboration among stakeholders; provide a more effective ergonomic improvement process; visually represent the ergonomics situation in the company; and give legitimacy to and awareness of ergonomics. However, the model was found to be rather resource demanding and dependent on support from management and unions. In particular, a substantial training programme and regular use of the model are needed. 相似文献
59.
Kronander J Jönsson D Löw J Ljung P Ynnerman A Unger J 《IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics》2012,18(3):447-462
We present an algorithm that enables real-time dynamic shading in direct volume rendering using general lighting, including directional lights, point lights, and environment maps. Real-time performance is achieved by encoding local and global volumetric visibility using spherical harmonic (SH) basis functions stored in an efficient multiresolution grid over the extent of the volume. Our method enables high-frequency shadows in the spatial domain, but is limited to a low-frequency approximation of visibility and illumination in the angular domain. In a first pass, level of detail (LOD) selection in the grid is based on the current transfer function setting. This enables rapid online computation and SH projection of the local spherical distribution of visibility information. Using a piecewise integration of the SH coefficients over the local regions, the global visibility within the volume is then computed. By representing the light sources using their SH projections, the integral over lighting, visibility, and isotropic phase functions can be efficiently computed during rendering. The utility of our method is demonstrated in several examples showing the generality and interactive performance of the approach. 相似文献
60.
Joakim Petersson Ole Sigmund 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》1998,41(8):1417-1434
The problem of minimum compliance topology optimization of an elastic continuum is considered. A general continuous density–energy relation is assumed, including variable thickness sheet models and artificial power laws. To ensure existence of solutions, the design set is restricted by enforcing pointwise bounds on the density slopes. A finite element discretization procedure is described, and a proof of convergence of finite element solutions to exact solutions is given, as well as numerical examples obtained by a continuation/SLP (sequential linear programming) method. The convergence proof implies that checkerboard patterns and other numerical anomalies will not be present, or at least, that they can be made arbitrarily weak. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献