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101.
Heijari J Nerg AM Kainulainen P Noldt U Levula T Raitio H Holopainen JK 《Journal of chemical ecology》2008,34(1):26-31
We tested whether changes in long-term nutrient availability would affect the xylem quality and characteristics of Scots pine
trees as a food source for the larvae of the xylophagous wood borer Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Cerambycidae). We looked for an effect of host plant growth and xylem structural traits on H. bajulus larval performance, and looked for delayed effects of long-term forest fertilization on xylem chemical quality. In general,
larval performance was dependent on larval developmental stage. However, the growth of larvae also varied with host plant
quality (increases in the concentration of nitrogen and carbon-based secondary compounds of xylem were correlated with a decrease
in the larval growth rate). The greater annual growth of trees reduced tracheid length and correlated positively with second-instar
H. bajulus growth rate. This is consistent with the hypothesis that intrinsic growth patterns of host plants influence the development
of the xylophagous wood borer H. bajulus. 相似文献
102.
通过与制浆造纸行业现有的液环泵和单/多级透平风机两种真空系统进行比较,介绍了芬兰Ecopump节能透平机真空系统技术及其优势所在。Ecopump节能透平机可为纸机真空系统节能30%~70%,同时具有投资回报快、安装维护快且简单等特点。 相似文献
103.
Janne Pesonen Toivo Kuokkanen Erik Kaipiainen Juha Koskela Iina Jerkku Ari Pappinen Aki Villa 《Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff》2014,72(6):769-777
The European Union’s growth strategy (Europe 2020) requires reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increases in both renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Short rotation forestry (SRF) has achieved greater awareness due to these targets. Short rotations (1–12 years), rapid growth and the ability to coppice are typical for SRF. Salix, Populus, Alnus and Betula have smaller GHG emissions of biomass production than annual agricultural plant species, since management and harvesting are not needed every year. Physicochemical properties of these species must be known when their utilisation is planned and optimised. Seven tree species were studied: three willows (Salix myrsinifolia, Salix schwerinii and Klara), one aspen (Populus tremula), one alder (Alnus glutinosa) and two birches (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens). One stem wood (S) sample and one stem wood and bark (SB) sample of each tree were investigated. Furthermore, seven surface soil samples and four incineration ash samples (two S. myrsinifolia and two S. schwerinii) were also studied. Heating values, densities, ash contents as well as carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of all short rotation biomass samples were usually quite typical for the corresponding tree species. Additional observations included the accumulation of cadmium in willow and aspen samples, small chloride content values, and higher ash- and element contents in SB samples than in the corresponding S samples. Nutrient content of ash was usually higher in the S sample, contradictory to biomass samples, and finally the cadmium content of the ash samples was very high. 相似文献
104.
In many cases, treatment of wastewaters requires a combination of processes that very often includes biological treatment. Wet oxidation (WO) in combination with biotreatment has been successfully used for the treatment of refractory wastes. Therefore, information about the biodegradability of wastewater solutes and particulates after wet oxidation is very important. The present work proposes a model that can describe the oxidation process via organic concentration characteristics such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and immediately available BOD (IA BOD) and so can allow the prediction of biodegradability (i.e., BOD/COD ratio). The reaction mechanism includes the destruction of nonbiodegradable substances bytwo pathways: oxidation to carbon dioxide and water and oxidation to larger biodegradable compounds with their further degradation to smaller ones measured via IA BOD. The destruction of small biodegradable compounds to end products is also included in the model. The experiments were performed at different temperatures (170-200 degrees C) and partial oxygen pressures (0.5-1.5 MPa) in a batch stainless steel high-pressure autoclave. The model of concentrated thermomechanical pulp circulation water was selected for the experiments. The proposed model correlates with the experimental data well and it is compared with other WO models in the literature. 相似文献
105.
Mechanical, impact, and relaxation properties of in situ synthesized carbon nanotubes‐polyaniline (CNT‐PANi) hybrid nanoparticle‐filled poly(propylene) (PP) composites with or without an amphiphilic dispersing agent were investigated using tensile testing, notched Charpy impact testing, and dynamical mechanical testing methods. The reference material was MWCNT filled PP composite. Ethyl gallate (EG) was the dispersing agent which realizes high conductivity in PP composites with hybrid filler. Measured properties showed quite similar behavior of CNT‐PANi hybrid and neat CNT filled composites. Addition of 20% EG in PP did not cause essential differences compared to the neat PP. When the dispersing agent was added in filler containing PP composites, remarkable effects were observed, especially in PP‐hybrid composites. Mechanically, these materials had improved tensile properties, but they were brittle compared to the materials without dispersing agent. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed improvement in storage modulus, and in loss modulus the α transition was well observable. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 相似文献
106.
Matti Aula Ahti Leppänen Juha Roininen Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen Kimmo Vallo Timo Fabritius Marko Huttula 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2014,45(3):839-849
Emission spectroscopy is a potential method for gaining information on electric arc furnace (EAF) process conditions. Previous studies published in literature on industrial EAF emission spectra have focused on a smaller scales and DC arc furnaces. In this study emission spectrum measurements were conducted for 140t AC stainless steelmaking EAF at Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio Works, Finland. Four basic types of emission spectra were obtained during the EAF process cycle. The first one is obscured by scrap steel, the second is dominated by thermal radiation of the slag, the third is dominated by alkali peaks and sodium D-lines and the fourth is characterized by multiple atomic emission peaks. The atomic emission peaks were identified by comparing them to the NIST database for atomic emission lines and previous laboratory measurements on EAF slag emission spectra. The comparison shows that the optic emission of an arc is dominated by slag components. Plasma conditions were analyzed by deriving plasma temperature from optical emissions of Ca I lines. The analysis suggests that accurate information on plasma conditions can be gained from outer plasma having a plasma temperature below 7000 K (6727 °C). 相似文献
107.
Juha Tommila Arto Aho Antti Tukiainen Ville Polojrvi Joel Salmi Tapio Niemi Mircea Guina 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2013,21(5):1158-1162
We report on the performance of biomimicked antireflection coating applied to dilute nitride solar cell. The coating consists of nanostructures replicating the moth‐eye geometry and has been fabricated by nanoimprint lithography directly within the window layer covering the dilute nitride absorbing junction. The mean reflectivity within the spectral range of 320–1800 nm remains under 5% for incident angles up to 45°. The effect of the coating on the cell performance was assessed by measuring the current–voltage characteristics under simulated solar illumination. A clear performance increase was identified when comparing a solar cell with the moth‐eye coating with a solar cell having a standard SiNx/SiO2 coating. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
Mika Horttanainen Juha Kaikko Riikka Bergman Minna Pasila-Lehtinen Janne Nerg 《Applied Thermal Engineering》2010,30(2-3):110-118
Expectations on wastewater sludge treatment and recovery of its energy and material contents are increasing because of the tightening legislation and the obligation to reduce environmental impacts of sludge disposal. The objective of this study was to analyze the performance of a heat and power generating sludge combustion plant from technical and economical viewpoints and to compare the studied concept to optional sludge treatment technologies. The plant performance was modeled for sewage sludge produced by approximately 200,000 inhabitants. Two plant sizes below 1000 kWe range were investigated, the smaller plant using sludge as the only fuel and the larger plant with wood chips as the additional fuel. The plants were compared with heat-only plants of similar size. The payback periods for heat-only plants are typically shorter than with the cogenerating plants because the changes in plant investment affect stronger the economy than do the revenues from selling electricity. The gate fee of sludge treatment has the strongest effect on the payback period. The selection of the plant concept (cogeneration, heat only or pure electricity generation) is, however, affected more by the local demand of heat and electricity than pure economy. The selection of the optimal technology for sludge treatment is a complicated task. The studied concept can be the optimal choice, for example, if there is no cement kiln or co-combustion possibility near the source of sludge, if there is no land enhancement demand for the digested sludge, or if the energy surplus from combustion compared to anaerobic digestion is considered more valuable than nutrient recovery possibility from digestion. If the new technology concept is found competitive, it still has to meet the challenge of acceptability from the business, social and cultural points of view. 相似文献
109.
It has recently shown how a constant dc offset between two low-quality test signals can be used to test the integral nonlinearity
(INL) of A/D converters (ADCs) without an accurate test stimulus, and how the same method can be used to test the INL of D/A
converters (DACs) as well. We propose here an on-chip offset generator for producing the constant offset and analyse its limitations.
Experimental tests on the 122 × 22 μm2 offset generator fabricated in 130 nm CMOS process show that it can be used to test the INL of 12-b DACs and ADCs. The generator
is rail-to-rail capable so that almost the whole input/output range of converters can be tested. Moreover, if the proposed
offset generator is used in a ratiometric test setup as proposed here as well, the influence of a reference voltage drift
on measurement accuracy is cancelled out. Because of its small size, simple design, rail-to-rail capability and immunity to
reference voltage changes, the proposed offset generator is well suited for built-in self-test usage. 相似文献
110.
Antti Ruha Juha Kostamovaara Seppo Säynäjäkangas 《Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing》1994,5(2):147-168
A micropower detector chip integrated with CMOS technology has been developed for a hand-held heart rate monitoring instrument mainly used by professional athletes and others who exercise seriously to increase their endurance and overall performance. The chip uses linear bandpass filtering and threshold detection and is implemented with analog switched-capacitor (SC) and digital techniques. The bandpass filter transfer function is derived from the spectral contents of noisy ECG signals. The layout was designed in full custom style in order to minimize the silicon area. The chip achieves a detection rate of 90% with a simulated ECG signal corrupted with Gaussian noise (signal-to-noise ratio = 5) in the heart rate range 60-200 1/min with a total current consumption of less than 30µA from a 3-V supply. The detection rate is 96.9% for a noisy signal obtained from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. 相似文献