One-sample pregnancy diagnosis in elk using fecal steroid metabolites

In utero hypoxia may affect the development of the brain and result in altered respiratory responses postnatally. Using a barometric plethysmograph, we examined the effects of exposing pregnant guinea pigs to 200 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 10 h/d from d 23-25 of gestation until term (approximately 68 d) on the ventilatory responses of their 4-5-d-old neonates at rest, and during progressive asphyxia and steady state hypercapnia. Exposure to this concentration of CO produced significantly higher levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in maternal (8.53 +/- 0.6% versus 0.25 +/- 0.1%) and fetal blood (13.0 +/- 0.4% versus 1.6 +/- 0.1%) from CO-treated animals when compared with controls. Hematocrit was significantly higher in the CO-treated neonates (46.3 +/- 1.0% versus 41.3 +/- 0.9%) at 5-6 d of age, although no difference existed between the groups for COHb at this time. There was no difference between the groups for length of gestation, litter size, or birth weight, but CO-treated neonates were significantly smaller at 4 d of age (102.4 +/- 3.7 g) compared with controls (132.0 +/- 5.0 g). At 4-5 d of age there was no difference between the groups for either tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), or minute ventilation (VE) at rest, but during steady state hypercapnia (4 and 6% CO2) the CO-treated neonates had a significantly greater VT and VE (but not f) than did controls. During progressive asphyxia, CO-treated animals had a significantly greater VT than did controls from 1-8% CO2. There was a significant fall in f at 1 and 3% CO2 in CO-treated animals; however, this effect did not persist, resulting in a significantly increased VE from 3 to 8% CO2. The inspiratory flow rate (VT/expiratory time) was significantly increased in the CO-treated neonates during progressive asphyxia; this occurred in the absence of a difference in inspiratory time between the groups. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to CO increases CO2 sensitivity in 4-5-d-old guinea pigs. This may be due to developmental alterations in the areas of the brainstem responsible for respiratory control.     

Spinal cord compression by catheter granulomas in high-dose intrathecal morphine therapy: case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The use of chronic intrathecal morphine for the treatment of intractable, nonmalignant pain is becoming more prevalent. A rare but devastating complication of this therapy is the development of spinal cord compression secondary to the formation of intrathecal granulomas. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report three cases of intrathecal granuloma formation in the thoracic subarachnoid space, associated with intrathecal morphine pumps. These three patients were receiving high doses of morphine to control their pain (25 mg/d, 28 mg/d, and 45 mg/d, respectively) when they presented with signs and symptoms of thoracic spinal cord compression. Myelography and postmyelographic computed tomography of the spine revealed masses causing spinal cord compression. INTERVENTION: Two patients underwent thoracic laminectomies for resection of these masses, and the other patient had the intrathecal catheter removed. A pathological examination revealed sterile granulomas in the resected masses. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal granulomas are likely to occur with increasing frequency as the use of chronic intrathecal morphine delivery increases in patients with nonmalignant pain. The cause of intrathecal granulomas is unknown, although it is likely that morphine plays a major role in their formation. We think that those patients receiving high doses of morphine are at greater risk for developing this complication.     

Comparison of sire breed solutions for growth traits adjusted by mean expected progeny differences to a 1993 base

Records on growth traits were obtained from five Midwestern agricultural experiment stations as part of a beef cattle crossbreeding project (NC-196). Records on birth weight (BWT, n =3,490), weaning weight (WWT, n = 3,237), and yearling weight (YWT, n = 1,372) were analyzed within locations and pooled across locations to obtain estimates of breed of sire differences. Solutions for breed of sire differences were adjusted to the common base year of 1993. Then, factors to use with within-breed expected progeny differences (EPD) to obtain across-breed EPD were calculated. These factors were compared with factors obtained from similar analyses of records from the U. S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC). Progeny of Brahman sires mated to Bos taurus cows were heaviest at birth and among the lightest at weaning. Simmental and Gelbvieh sires produced the heaviest progeny at weaning. Estimates of heritability pooled across locations were .34, .19, and .07 for BWT, WWT, and YWT, respectively. Regression coefficients of progeny performance on EPD of sire were 1.25+/-.09, .98+/-.13, and .62+/-.18 for BWT, WWT, and YWT, respectively. Rankings of breeds of sire generally did not change when adjusted for sire sampling. Rankings were generally similar to those previously reported for MARC data, except for Limousin and Charolais sires, which ranked lower for BWT and WWT at NC-196 locations than at MARC. Adjustment factors used to obtain across-breed EPD were largest for Brahman for BWT and for Gelbvieh for WWT. The data for YWT allow only comparison of Angus with Simmental and of Gelbvieh with Limousin.     

Interference of mitral valve stenosis with left ventricular diastole and left atrial appendage flow

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been reported as an independent risk factor of systemic thromboembolism. Almost half of the left atrial thrombi are located in the left atrial appendage (LAA). LAA function, reflected by LAA flow, thus has an influence on the potential of distal embolic complications. To identify factors other than atrial contraction that influence LAA flow during AF, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic studies were performed on 130 patients. Seventy patients with nonrheumatic AF were divided into two groups with higher peak LAA outflow velocity (group 1) and lower peak LAA outflow velocity (group 2) at the ventricular systolic phase. Sixty patients with rheumatic AF were classified as group 3. Group 1 had a higher peak LAA outflow velocity than group 2 at both the ventricular systolic and diastolic phases. Group 2 had a higher peak LAA outflow at the ventricular diastolic phase than group 3 (18.9 +/- 8.0 vs. 11.8 +/- 7.5 cm/s, p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in the peak LAA outflow at the ventricular systolic phase between the two groups (9.6 +/- 4.0 vs. 10.8 +/- 6.8 cm/s, p = NS). Group 3 was subdivided according to mitral valve area. Patients with severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area < 1 cm2) had a significantly lower diastolic augmentation of LAA outflow velocity (difference of LAA outflow velocity between ventricle systole and diastole) than patients with mild to moderate stenosis (0.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 2.6 +/- 4.9 cm/s, p < 0.05). In conclusion, patients with rheumatic AF, especially those with severe mitral stenosis, have a lower diastolic augmentation of LAA outflow velocity. The lower diastolic augmentation of the LAA outflow velocity at the ventricular diastolic phase might result from interference with the suction effect of the left ventricular diastole by the stenotic mitral valve.     

Encoding of taxonomic word categories by schizophrenics

Administered to 20 chronic, undifferentiated schizophrenics and 20 paranoid schizophrenic controls the release-from-proactive-interference procedure as developed by D. D. Wickens. Word triads representing 8 conceptual categories were the to-be-remembered stimuli. Proactive interference release was clearly established for both schizophrenic subgroups. These findings are interpreted to imply that chronic, undifferentiated schizophrenics as well as paranoid schizophrenics encode the attributes of conceptual word class in memory. Previous failures of chronic schizophrenics to benefit from categorized to-be-remembered materials in recall tests are probably not the result of an encoding deficiency. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intensity correlation function of a laser beam near threshold

The form and the decay time of the intensity correlation function of the light from a single-mode He:Ne laser have been measured in the neighborhood of threshold. The experiments were performed at several predetermined values of the pump parametera, ranging froma = -1toa = 4. By combination of the experimental results with the theoretically predicted eigenvalues appearing in the expansion of the correlation function, it was possible also to determine the amplitudes of the first two terms in the expansion over the same range. The experimental results are found to be substantially in agreement with the nonlinear oscillator theory of the laser, without adjustment of any arbitrary scaling parameters.