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Yachin Cohen Efim Gartstein Karl-Friedrich Arndt Wilhelm Ruland 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1996,36(10):1355-1359
Materials exhibiting exceptional mechanical properties can be fabricated from rigid polymers. In a spinning process, an oriented solution is solidified by the action of a nonsolvent, which induces crystallization of an oriented rigid polymer. Drying and heat treatment result in the final material having the desired properties. The effect of heat treatment on the morphology of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBZT) films was studied by measurements of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Films were formed by coagulation in water. The wet films were dried with supercritical CO2 to maintain an open network structure. Coagulation in water resulted in formation of microfibrils having diameter of ∼9 nm. Heat-treatment at 600°C caused significant coalescence of microfibrils. The crystallite size was increased by heat treatment from a value that is smaller than the microfibrillar diameter indicating defects in chain packing, to a value comparable to the microfibrillar diameter. 相似文献
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13C n.m.r. spectra of polybutadienes with different contents of cis-1,4- and 1,2-units are assigned in the resonance region of the cis and trans carbon double bond. The observed signals are assigned to configurational triads. 相似文献
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The efficiency of power generation has a considerable influence on the upper limit of the total efficiency of electrolytic water splitting. This paper deals with the energetic potential of power generation processes and therefore with the water electrolysis processes. In the investigations reported here, it was assumed that the heat source is always the same (high-temperature nuclear reactor). For comparing thermochemical or hybrid water splitting cycles and water electrolysis, the upper limit of process temperatures must be comparable, too. Therefore high-temperature processes for power generation have been investigated. A detailed energy and exergy balance is presented for the following cycles: (1) steam turbine cycles; (2) helium gas turbine cycles; (3) combined gas/steam turbine cycles. For these different processes an exergy analysis was performed in order to localize the process units, which make a considerable contribution to the decrease in total efficiency. 相似文献
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W. Ruppel H. W. Hahnemann M. C. Eckstein K. F. Knoche G. Benz et al. 《Forschung im Ingenieurwesen》1993,59(5):102-102
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The crosslinking behaviour of addition-crosslinking Wacker SilGel 600 silicone was investigated in the temperature range of 50 to 90°C with respect to its dependence on heating time. Measurements of the swelling of thin polymer films on special paper (Pecozet Z10) allow the observation of the swelling process which reaches the swelling equilibrium within a few minutes, the selection of a suitable swelling agent, and the rapid determination of the temperature dependence of the degree of swelling Q. Aside from Q, the ?solubility parameter”? of the polymer network, the rate constants, and the activation energy of the crosslinking process can be obtained. Measurements of the swelling combined with determination of Huggins' interaction parameter additionally provide the possibility of determining the density of crosslinking of the polymer films. On the basis of these investigations, a rapid method for characterizing the sheathing of optical fibres could be developed. The cylindrical polymer films detach from the glass core during swelling in toluene (25°C). After 5 min the degree of swelling of the sheathing can be measured. 相似文献
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In this paper we discuss the proposals for processes which have already been realised in form of bench scale units or which have been planned, as well as those which have a high degree of development potential. A part of these cycles have in common the splitting of sulfuric acids which causes corrosion problems unsolved up to now. The essential part of the metal/metal hydride-processes is a hydrogen permeable membrane which separates the hydrogen acceptor from the water containing electrolyte melt. Actually we are intending to build up a lab cycle using a TiNi-basis membrane. The metal membranes offer a number of further interesting applications, such as (1) hydrogen production from gas mixtures at high temperatures, and (2) tritium separation from the helium of the HTR primary cooling circuit. A further promising process is the hydrocarbon hybrid cycle, in which the reduction of methanol to methane and oxygen is the key reaction. Till now we can detect a methane yield of up to 50%. An interesting combined procedure for the production of hydrogen and electricity is proposed, where sulphuric acid is decomposed by means of coal. The detailed mass and energy balance shows an efficiency of up to 57%. Thermodynamic analysis for the watersplitting cycles indicates efficiencies of up to 50%. Further research and development work is necessary in order to solve material problems and to demonstrate the suitability and availablity of the techniques using larger scale laboratory and prototype units. 相似文献