A comparison of the grade of laryngeal visualisation;--the McCoy compared with the Macintosh and the Miller blade in adults

Effectiveness in visualization of the vocal cord during orotracheal intubation with McCoy (McC) compared with Macintosh (Min) and Miller (Mil) blades were investigated. After an institutional review board approval, 117 patients for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring tracheal intubation were investigated. Five board certified anesthesiologists tried to visualize the vocal cord of a patient three times with the three different types of laryngoscope. Total of 351 intubation attempts were studied. The view obtained at laryngoscopy with each of the three blades was recorded as follows. Grade 1. If most of the glottis is visible. Grade 2. If only the posterior extremity of the glottis is visible. Grade 3. If no part of the glottis can be seen. Grade 4. If not even the epiglottis can be exposed. Eight-two Grade 1 views were obtained with McC, 72 with Mil and 47 with Min, respectively. Thirty-three Grade 2 views were obtained with McC, 36 with Min and 24 with Mil. Two Grade 3 views with McC, 34 with Min and 14 with Mil were obtained. Seven Grade 4 views were obtained with Mil. The grades of laryngeal visualization with McC were significantly lower than those with Min and Mil.     

Pseudo-binary system Bi2O3-TeO2 in air

The phase equilibria in the pseudo-binary system Bi₂O₃-TeO₂ at 600° 950° C in air were examined by solid-state reaction techniques and X-ray powder diffraction method. Four pseudo-binary compounds appeared, i.e., -Bi₂O₃ type solid solution having a compositional range of (1-x)Bi₂O₃·xTeO₂ wherex=0 0.4 a new compound Bi₆Te₂O₁₅ which has an orthorhombic cell of a=2.27(4) nm, b=1.06(1) nm and c = 0.539(8) nm, 2Bi₂O₃ · 3TeO₂, and an unidentified phase Bi₂O₃·2TeO₂. The formation of the phase Bi₆Te₂O₁₅, in which all the Te ions are hexavalent, was confirmed by the thermogravimetry and by the Mössbauer spectra. The liquidus curves for whole system were determined by DTA method.     

Nickel Electroplating

NICKEL ELECTROPLATING has been practicallyused for decades.There is an unknown part in theplating,although this is easy to plate.Applications ofthe plating are described from the practical viewpoint.Purpose of Nickel Electroplating(1)Decorative,and corrosion resistanceNickel electroplating is deposited on iron,cupper,zinc and aluminum substrate etc.,and chromiumplating is usually deposited on nickel plating.Hexavalent chromium plating has an important effecton the corrosion resisitan…     

Trap Levels in Eu-Doped SrAl2O4 Phosphor Crystals Co-Doped with Rare-Earth Elements

SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺ phosphor crystals co-doped with auxiliary activators such as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or Y have been grown by the floating zone (FZ) technique. Photoluminescence spectrum (PL), time-resolved PL, and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) are evaluated to clarify the long-duration phosphorescence mechanism of SrAl₂O₄, Eu, and Ln phosphors. TSL spectra were measured in the temperature range from RT to 600 K to evaluate the depth and densities of the traps generated by the doping of auxiliary activators that are responsible for the long-duration phosphorescence. The peak wavelength of PL does not vary with auxiliary activator elements, while decay curves vary greatly with the auxiliary activators. The trap depth and the densities of the trapped carriers estimated based on the hole trap model also vary with the auxiliary activator elements. The traps generated at around E =0.5 eV by the auxiliary activators, Nd, Dy, and Tm, with sufficient densities are effective for the long-duration phosphorescence.     

Role of Acetic Acid Added to the Reaction Media for the Enantio-differentiating Hydrogenation of Methyl Acetoacetate Over a Tartaric Acid-modified Nickel Catalyst

The role of acetic acid added to the reaction media for the enantio-differentiating hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate over a (R,R)-tartaric acid-in-situ-modified nickel catalyst was studied from the viewpoint of the hydrogenation rate during repeated runs. The hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate on the “enantio-differentiating sites” of a tartaric acid-modified nickel catalyst was specifically accelerated by the acetic acid added to the reaction media to increase the enantio-differentiating ability of the catalyst. In order to increase the enantio-differentiating ability, the addition of acetic acid to the reaction media was required in each run during the repeated use of the catalyst.     

Humidity sensor composed of a microporous film of polyethylene-graft-poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate)

Summary Inside a microporous polyethylene film, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid was graft polymerized by ultraviolet irradiation. A humidity sensor was fabricated by depositing gold electrodes on both sides of the grafted film. The impedance was measured as a function of humidity for the acid and alkali salts of sulfonate. The sensor has long term stability and is resistant to water.     

Effect of perchloric acid on the molecular weight and yield of poly-THF

Polytetramethylene glycol (molecular weight range 1000–8000) was prepared by the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a binary catalyst system of fuming sulfuric acid and perchloric acid. When 28% fuming sulfuric acid alone was used as the catalyst, the average molecular weight of polymer was low, the maximum value being 1000–1100. By the combination of fuming sulfuric acid with a small amount of perchloric acid, the average molecular weight of the polymer was increased to about 8000. Furthermore, the molecular weight was readily controlled in the range of 1000 to 8000 by varying the amount of the binary catalyst.     

Crack-wake shielding and small-scale crack-tip yielding as potential mechanisms for improving the delayed-failure resistance of silicon nitride at elevated temperatures

Requirements and microstructural design criteria for employing silicon nitride in long-term structural applications at elevated temperatures are discussed according to fracture mechanics concepts. Three least engineering parameters are considered: lifetime, flaw-tolerance and deformation under stress. “Ductile” materials are found by exploitation of small-scale crack-tip yielding which arises from the softening of their grain-boundary phase. These materials, however, are likely to exhibit poor deformation resistance. Materials with a “strong” grain boundary generally show a superior deformation behaviour but are liable to brittle fracture and static-fatigue strength degradation unless shielding mechanisms in the crack-wake be operative. The present analysis evaluates and compares these two classes of materials and the respective approaches commonly followed for their densification.     

Some characteristics of a sparged agitated vessel under foaming — Mechanical control of foaming —

Foam-breaking with a rotating disk mechanical foam-breaker (MFRD) was studied for a foaming system containing a diluted detergent solution in a laboratory sparged agitated vessel. The change of the foam-breaking capacity of the MFRD by varying the air sparge rate, the working volume and the impeller speed or the disk diameter was measured. Based on these measurements, empirical equations are presented for predicting the critical foam-breaking regions of the MFRD fitted with the agitated vessel. The operational range where foam-breaking with the MFRD can be carried out effectively and economically is also discussed.