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51.
52.
Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of the Hydrolysis Reaction During Leaching of Heavy-Metal Fluoride Glasses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
MICHEL LE TOULLEC CATHERINE J. SIMMONS JOSEPH H. SIMMONS 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1988,71(4):219-224
In this work, the interfacial reactions of heavy-metal fluoride glasses with water have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. High dilution and stirring conditions were maintained to prevent any influence of pH drift and reprecipitation. From comparisons of the integrated absorption peak areas for the O-H stretching and H-O-H bending vibrations in the glass with those for molecular water, the contributions of metal hydroxyls formed in the corrosion layer can be separated from the total O-H band. The comparison between the infrared spectra for leached samples and hydroxides of the glass components show the presence of Zr-OH and La-OH groups in ZrF4 -based glasses after leaching and drying and of Th-OH groups in ThF4 glass, indicating the existence of F.- /OH- ion exchange between the glass surface and water. 相似文献
53.
The choice of a parametrization for the representation of a linear multivariable control system amounts to the selection of a basis of the rows of the Hankel matrix of Markov elements. The so-called ‘ overlapping ’ or ‘ pseudo-canonical ’ forms are traditionally obtained by imposing two selection rules : a block selection rule and a chain selection rule. In this paper, these constraints are relaxed to requiring only a chain selection rule. This allows for more flexibility in selecting numerically well-conditioned parametrizations. 相似文献
54.
ABDELHAMID EL MOUEFFAK CHRISTIAN CRUZ MONIQUE ANTOINE MICHEL MONTURY GERARD DEMAZEAU ALAIN LARGETEAU BERNADETTE ROY FRANCOIS ZUBER 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》1995,30(6):737-743
The effects of combined high pressure (300 and 400 MPa) and low temperature (50°C) treatments on the microbial contamination of duck foie gras samples were compared with those of classical thermal pasteurization (85°C at the coldest point). A multilayer packaging film (PE/PA/PE) was selected from two films commonly used for these types of food, by preliminary tests showing its ability to limit microbiological development in such samples. In each experiment, microbiological contamination was analysed on treated and untreated samples, and results were systematically compared with those obtained from a classically pasteurized sample of the same liver. A pasteurization type effect (drastic reduction of vegetative mesophilic and psychrophilic contaminations, destruction of coliforms and of Staphylococcus aureus ) was obtained at this temperature with samples pressurized at 400 MPa for at least 10 min. 相似文献
55.
FLORENCE MICHEL JEAN-FRANCOIS THIBAULT CHRISTIANE MERCIER FLORENT HEITZ FRANCOIS POUILLAUDE 《Journal of food science》1985,50(5):1499-1500
Conditions (pH, temperature, time) for the extraction of sugar beet pulp pectins were studied on a laboratory scale and transposed into a pilot plant. Good yields (~ 14%) of pectins are obtained if the pulp is treated at pH 1.0, 85°C for 1 hr. The characteristics of the pilot extracted pectins are very close to those of the laboratory ones, except for a lower molecular weight (~30,000 daltons). Their physicochemical properties confirm their poor gelling ability. 相似文献
56.
Lipid-water mixtures were studied by X-ray cryodiffraction in order to assess the structural changes during freezing. We show that the water of aqueous lipid phases, in the concentration range of 10–30% (water weight/total weight), is vitrified by high-pressure freezing. Vitrified lipid phases can be cryo-sectioned and imaged by electron cryomicroscopy. Both the ideal or average and the real or local structures of the lipid mixtures can be studied at a resolution better than 2 nm. While the average structure of the lipid phases is in good agreement with that determined by X-ray diffraction, the local structure reveals features that might play an important role in the function of biological membranes such as in endo- and exocytosis. 相似文献
57.
In this paper, we present two novel algorithms to realize a finite dimensional, linear time-invariant state-space model from input-output data. The algorithms have a number of common features. They are classified as one of the subspace model identification schemes, in that a major part of the identification problem consists of calculating specially structured subspaces of spaces defined by the input-output data. This structure is then exploited in the calculation of a realization. Another common feature is their algorithmic organization: an RQ factorization followed by a singular value decomposition and the solution of an overdetermined set (or sets) of equations. The schemes assume that the underlying system has an output-error structure and that a measurable input sequence is available. The latter characteristic indicates that both schemes are versions of the MIMO Output-Error State Space model identification (MOESP) approach. The first algorithm is denoted in particular as the (elementary MOESP scheme). The subspace approximation step requires, in addition to input-output data, knowledge of a restricted set of Markov parameters. The second algorithm, referred to as the (ordinary MOESP scheme), solely relies on input-output data. A compact implementation is presented of both schemes. Although we restrict our presentation here to error-free input-output data, a framework is set up in an identification context. The identification aspects of the presented realization schemes are treated in the forthcoming Parts 2 and 3. 相似文献
58.
Oriented samples of Al2 O3 -ZrO2 (Y2 O3 ) eutectics consisting of an alumina matrix with zirconia dispersoids were grown by directional solidification. Preferred growth directions and epitaxial relations were determined from X-ray and electron diffraction analyses. Imaging of interfaces was performed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on oriented platelets. Semicoherent interfaces were observed with faceting along crystallographic planes of both phases. 相似文献
59.
During the differentiation of erythroid cells, a vast program of maturation takes place, leading to decay or elimination of organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. During the last step of red cell maturation, remaining organelles, primarily mitochondria and ribosomes but also vestiges of others are finally cleared from the cell. This cleaning session also affects specific proteins that are partially or entirely removed from the cell surface. The interplay of the various events and their causal relationships are approached here. 相似文献
60.
FRANCISCO PADILLA YVES SECRETAN MICHEL LECLERC 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》1997,40(13):2493-2516
A steady-state and transient finite element model has been developed to approximate, with simple triangular elements, the two-dimensional advection–diffusion equation for practical river surface flow simulations. Essentially, the space–time Crank–Nicolson–Galerkin formulation scheme was used to solve for a given conservative flow-field. Several kinds of point sources and boundary conditions, namely Cauchy and Open, were theoretically and numerically analysed. Steady-state and transient numerical tests investigated the accuracy of boundary conditions on inflow, noflow and outflow boundaries where diffusion is important (diffusive boundaries). With the proper choice of boundary conditions, the steady-state Galerkin and the transient Crank–Nicolson–Galerkin finite element schemes gave stable and precise results for advection-dominated transport problems. Comparisons indicated that the present approach can give equivalent or more precise results than other streamline upwind and high-order time-stepping schemes. Diffusive boundaries can be treated with Cauchy conditions when the flow enters the domain (inflow), and with Open conditions when the flow leaves the domain (outflow), or when it is parallel to the boundary (noflow). Although systems with mainly diffusive noflow boundaries may still be solved precisely with Open conditions, they are more susceptible to be influenced by other numerical sources of error. Moreover, the treatment of open boundaries greatly increases the possibilities of correctly modelling restricted domains of actual and numerical interest. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献