Early Photography in Samoa

Abstract

The history of photography in Samoa, a small group of islands in the Western Pacific, suggests, in microcosm, the history of ‘exotic’ photography throughout the world in the period of imperial expansion. The romantic myths of the South Seas, coupled with the islands' practical significance to their colonizers as coaling stations, navy bases and a source of raw materials and cheap labour, encouraged outside interest and assured a market for the products of many kinds of photographers. As early as the 1880s, amateurs on holiday, scientists in the field, and itinerant professionals had passed through Samoa, taking a wide variety of images away with them. By the 1890s, Apia, Samoa's largest town, was home to three resident photographers. Their work was put to conventional private use there for portraits, wedding pictures and the like, and was widely distributed overseas as novelty carter-de-visite, cabinet-size, and full-plate albumen prints, as souvenir postcards and gravures, and as half-tone illustrations in newspapers and magazines. In addition to documenting a society undergoing great change, early photographs of Samoa are often strikingly beautiful, appealing to our appreciation of the exotic and romantic, much as they were intended to do for their foreign audiences one hundred years ago.     

Influence of Molecular Weight on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells Based on a Fluorene Derivative

The performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) bulk‐heterojunction blends comprising a liquid‐crystalline fluorene derivative and a small‐molecular fullerene is found to increase asymptotically with the degree of polymerization of the former. Similar to various thermodynamic transition temperatures as well as the light absorbance of the fluorene moiety, the photocurrent extracted from OPV devices is found to strongly vary with increasing oligomer size up to a number average molecular weight, M_n ≈ 10 kg mol^?1, but is rendered less chain‐length dependent for higher M_n as the fluorene derivative gradually adopts polymeric behavior.     

Revisiting and Extending Interface Penalties for Multi-domain Summation-by-Parts Operators

A general interface procedure is presented for multi-domain collocation methods satisfying the summation-by-parts (SBP) spatial discretization convention. Unlike more traditional operators (e.g. FEM) applied to the advection-diffusion equation, the new procedure penalizes the solution and the first p derivatives across the interface. The combined interior/interface operators are proven to be pointwise stable, and conservative, although accuracy deteriorates for p≥2. Penalties between two different sets of variables are compared (motivated by FEM primal and flux formulations), and are shown to be equivalent for certain choices of penalty parameters. Extensive validation studies are presented using two classes of high-order SBP operators: (1) central finite difference, and (2) Legendre spectral collocation.     

Calculated thermal expansion of the actinide elements

The linear thermal expansion coefficient is calculated for the early actinides thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, and plutonium for a hypothetical fcc crystal structure. The relativistic spin-orbit interaction is included in these calculations. We show that the spin-orbit splitting of the 5f band gives rise to a considerable increase in the thermal expansion and, to a large extent, explains the anomalously large thermal expansion for these elements.Paper presented at the Tenth International Thermal Expansion Symposium, June 6–7, 1989, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Tailoring side chains of low band gap polymers for high efficiency polymer solar cells

High efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) require conjugated polymers with a low band gap, broad absorption in visible and IR region, high carrier mobility, and relatively high molecular weight as p-type donor materials. Flexible side chains on the rigid polymer backbone are crucial for the solubility of conjugated polymers. In this work, four polymers with the main chain structure of fluorene-thiophene-benzothiadiazole-thiophene and flexible side chains located on fluorene, thiophene, and benzothiadiazole moiety, respectively, have been synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura-Schlüter polycondensation. Photovoltaic device measurements with a device configuration of ITO/polymer:PC₇₁BM blends/LiF/Al show that P1 carrying octyloxy chains on benzothiadiazole rings gives the best performance, with a power conversion efficiency of 3.1%.     

Building 3D Statistical Shape Models of Horticultural Products

A method to build a 3D statistical shape model of horticultural products is described. The framework consists of two parts. First, the surfaces of the horticultural products, which are extracted from X-ray CT scans, are registered to obtain meaningful correspondences between the surfaces. In the second part, a statistical shape model is built from these corresponded surfaces, which maps out the variability of the surfaces and allows to generate new, realistic surfaces. The proposed shape modelling method is applied to 30 Jonagold apples, 30 bell peppers, and 52 zucchini. The average geometric registration error between the original instance and the deformed reference instance is 0.015 ± 0.011 m m for the apple dataset, 0.106 ± 0.026 m m for the bell pepper dataset, and 0.027 ± 0.007 m m for the Zucchini dataset. All shape models are shown to be an excellent representation of their specific population, as they are compact and able to generalize to an unseen sample of the population.     

Results of a primary health care study on alcohol: 17 per cent of men, 8 per cent of women were probable heavy consumers

A questionnaire study designed to elicit an impression of the proportion of heavy drinkers among primary care patients, carried out at five primary facilities in V?sterbotten County, showed 12 per cent of the patients (17% of the men, 8% of the women) to be probable heavy alcohol consumers. This emphasises the strategically advantageous position of primary care facilities with a view to early intervention. Age was found to be a significant determinant of alcohol consumption, but not place of residence or the reason for consulting.