Optimization of Microchannel Heat Sinks Using Genetic Algorithm

In this study, a genetic algorithm is employed to minimize the entropy generation rate in microchannel heat sinks. The entropy generation rate allows the combined effects of thermal performance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. Previously developed models for the heat transfer, pressure drop and entropy generation rate are used in the optimization procedure. The results of optimization are compared with existing results obtained by the Newton–Raphson method. It is observed that the GA gives better overall performance of the microchannel heat sinks.     

Hydrogen sensing using gold nanoclusters supported on tungsten trioxide thin films

Controlled amounts of chemically synthesised gold (Au) nanoclusters were deposited onto tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nanostructured thin films as sensors for hydrogen. The Au/WO₃ thin films were characterised by XPS, XRD, SEM and TEM. Performance of Au/WO₃ films was tested at operating temperatures varying from room temperature to 450 °C. It was demonstrated that Au metal loading plays an important role in defining enhancement of the sensor response towards hydrogen. “Less is more” principle applies to the reported here sensors as materials made using lower concentration of Au nanoclusters demonstrated significantly better response. HRTEM images of the Au/WO₃ thin films provide evidence that the more active sensors are enriched with smaller Au nanoparticles (≤5 nm). Fast response towards H₂ within a wide range of industrially relevant concentrations, excellent baseline stability and signal reproducibility at optimized operating temperature demonstrate feasibility of this novel approach toward fabrication of sensors.     

Considerations of uncertainties in evaluating dynamic reliability by GO-FLOW methodology – example study of reliability monitor for PWR safety system in the risk-monitor system

The uncertainty analyses have been considered as a relevant topic since WASH-1400 and analysis was performed for identifying the risk measure, e.g. plant- and core-damage frequency or the frequency of a large early release of radioactivity in the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) or probabilistic risk assessment. There are two main sources of uncertainty such as aleatory uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty (parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty and completeness uncertainty) for risk analysis in PSA or risk-monitor system. A sensitivity analysis is related field to uncertainty, which can provide information of the most effective on those inputs of PSA, which are mostly contributed to the uncertainty.

In this paper, uncertainty analysis (epistemic) has been conducted in the evaluation of dynamic reliability of safety-related subsystem for risk analysis. GO-FLOW methodology has been employed for the procedure of uncertainty analysis alternatively to Fault Tree Analysis and Even Tree because it is success-oriented system-analysis technique and comparatively easy to conduct the reliability analysis of the complex system. The method used sample data from Monte Carlo simulation to quantify uncertainty in terms of appropriate estimates for analysis results. Pressurized water reactor containment spray system has been taken as an example of safety-related subsystem. The results of this paper show that the uncertainty analysis is an important part for the practical evaluation of the system dynamic reliability and makes the reliability prediction more accurate compared with the result without the uncertainty analysis. The GO-FLOW methodology can be employed easily for uncertainty analysis with its advance functions.     

Influence of process variables and formulation composition on sphericity and diameter of Ca-alginate-chitosan liquid core capsule prepared by extrusion dripping method

ABSTRACT

The influence of process variables and formulation composition on the sphericity and diameter of the alginate capsules which contained dual cations (Ca-and-chitosan) are characterized in this study. Capsule sphericty was not influenced by needle diameter but instead, capsule diameter increased proportionally with the needle diameter. The combined effects of the liquid core solution and alginate solution on the sphericity of the capsules are tabulated. Spherical capsules can be produced when the following criteria were fulfilled: stirring speed is in the range of 240–300 rpm; calcium chloride concentration is >5 g/L; viscosity of liquid core solution is >203 mPa.s; as well as viscosity of alginate solution is in between 47 and 386 mPa.s. The capsule diameter was predicted using a modified Tate’s law equation and an error analysis was conducted to evaluate the equation. The predicted diameter was well correlated with the experimental data with an average absolute deviation <3.6%.     

“Time-to-failure” prediction for a polymer-polymer swivelling joint

The growing competition in the market demands a better performance from any product in terms of availability, reliability, maintainability and failure free life. However there a number of engineering as well as environmental factor that influence the performance of a product. Wear is one of the critical factors, which influences the reliability and useful life of mechanical components. Therefore, the ability to predict wear at the development stage enables the designers to come up with a better design, longer useful life and more reliable products. Moreover, the prediction of time-to-failure for a component will lead to better maintenance helping to avoid catastrophic effects of unexpected failures. This paper presents a methodical approach for predicting sliding wear and hence the remaining useful life for a polymer-polymer sliding joint. The major stages of the approach are: tribo-system examination, experimentation, experimental wear coefficient determination and model formation.     

Nanostructured diamond-like carbon on digital versatile disc as a matrix-free target for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

A nanostructured diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated digital versatile disk (DVD) target is presented as a matrix-free sample support for application in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). A large number of vacancies, defects, relative sp(2) carbon content, and nanogrooves of DLC films support the LDI phenomenon. The observed absorptivity of DLC is in the range of 305-330 nm (nitrogen laser, 337 nm). The universal applicability is demonstrated through different analytes like amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, peptides, and other metabolites. Carbohydrates and amino acids are analyzed as sodium and potassium adducts. Peptides are detectable in their protonated forms, which avoid the extra need of additives for ionization. A bovine serum albumin (BSA) digest is analyzed to demonstrate the performance for peptide mixtures, coupled with the material-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (MELDI) approach. The detection limit of the described matrix-free target is investigated to be 10 fmol/microL for [Glu(1)]-fibrinopeptide B (m/z 1570.6) and 1 fmol/microL for L-sorbose (Na(+) adduct). The device does not require any chemical functionalization in contrast to other matrix-free systems. The inertness of DLC provides longer lifetimes without any deterioration in the detection sensitivity. Broad applicability allows high performance analysis in metabolomics and peptidomics. Furthermore the DLC coated DVD (1.4 GB) sample support is used as a storage device for measured and processed data together with sampling on a single device.     

Multi-photon imaging of amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles

A convenient and simple strategy for preparing water soluble, photoluminescent functionalized silica nanoparticles (M-dots) in the absence of fluorophores or metal doping is demonstrated. These M-dots can be used for bioimaging using one and two-photon microscopy. Because of their high photostability, low toxicity and high biocompatibility compared with Lumidot? CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, functionalized silica particles are superior alternatives for current bioimaging platforms. Moreover, the presence of a free amine group at the surface of the M-dots allows biomolecule conjugation (e.g. with antibodies, proteins) in a single step for converting these photoluminescent SiO(2) nanoparticles into multifunctional efficient vehicles for theragnostics.     

Carbon nanotubes based strain sensors

This paper presents the design, fabrication and experimental results of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based strain sensors. The sensors were fabricated by pressed CNTs tablets and elastic polymer beam. The diameter of multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) varied between 10 and 30 nm. The tablets of multiwalled CNTs having nominal thickness of 1.0 mm were pressed at a pressure of 200 and 300 MPa. The inter-electrodes distance (length) and width of the surface-type samples were in the range of 10–12 mm and 5–6 mm respectively. The DC resistance of the sensors having the strain sensitivity in the range of 50–80 in average increased under tension and decreased under compression.     

AlBr3 impact on the thermal degradation of P(S-co-MMA): a study performed by contemporary techniques

Pyrolysis of copolymer, [P(S-co-MMA)], in the presence of AlBr₃ was inspected in an inert atmosphere. Five different proportions (copolymer/additive) were chosen. Films were cast from common solvent. It was noticed that copolymer showed more stability on the basis of T _0, however, regions of stability were also observed for the blends. Copolymer showed T ₀ at 260?°C, whereas blends started degrading around 70?°C. T _max was the same for the copolymer and the blends. Low-temperature decompositions of blends were attributed to the generation of free radicals (Br^?) and the zones of stabilizations were assigned to the formation of a ??complex type?? structure between Al and the carbonyl oxygens of MMA units. Degradation products were collected and identified employing Py-GC?CMS technique. Intermediates (solid) at different temperatures (300, 350 and 400?°C) were examined through FTIR spectroscopy. In the light of gathered data, a degradation mechanism was proposed. New products were encountered, viz., bromobenzene, ??brominated?? anhydride ring, etc., which established the chemical interactions between the constituents of the blends, i.e., copolymer and additive. Anhydride rings were absent when poly (methyl methacrylate) was pyrolyzed in the presence of AlBr₃. Oligomers of styrene were not found hinting at the involvement of additive in ??targeting?? the degrading styrene units. The blends indicate 2?C7% residue of original mass; the additive exhibits 9% while the copolymer does not leave residue at the completion of the TG run. The presence of char in the residues of blends suggests that the additive imparts stability to the copolymer. Horizontal burning rate was lowest (6 times less than that of neat copolymer) for [P(S-co-MMA):AlBr₃, 87.5:12.5%], thereby revealing the efficiency of the additive as thermal stabilizer. The highest activation energy was calculated for the copolymer (169.46?kJ/mol) and the range of this parameter for the blends was found from 52.72 to 27.14?kJ/mol.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of bacterial and archaeal lipid biomarkers from anaerobically digested sludge

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used in the analysis of bacterial respiratory quinone (RQ), bacterial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and archaeal phospholipid ether lipid (PLEL) from anaerobically digested sludge. Bacterial RQ were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Determination of bacterial PLFA and archaeal PLEL was simultaneously performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of pressure, temperature, and modifier concentration on the total amounts of RQ, PLFA, and PLEL were investigated by 23 experiments with five settings chosen for each variable. The optimal extraction conditions that were obtained through a multiple-response optimization included a pressure of 23.6 MPa, temperature of 77.6 °C, and 10.6% (v/v) of methanol as the modifier. Thirty nine components of microbial lipid biomarkers were identified in the anaerobically digested sludge. Overall, the SFE method proved to be more effective, rapid, and quantitative for simultaneously extracting bacterial and archaeal lipid biomarkers, compared to conventional organic solvent extraction. This work shows the potential application of SFE as a routine method for the comprehensive analysis of microbial community structures in environmental assessments using the lipid biomarkers profile.