Facilitated transfer of alkali-metal cations by dibenzo-18-crown-6 across the electrochemically polarized interface between an aqueous solution and a hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquid

The facilitated transfer of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) by dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) across the electrochemically polarizable interface between an aqueous solution (W) and a hydrophobic ionic liquid, N-octadecylisoquinolinium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate ([C18Iq][TFPB]), has been studied using cyclic voltammetry at the interface formed at the tip of a micropipet. In cyclic voltammograms (CVs), the current due to the facilitated transfer of the cations by DB18C6 from W to [C18Iq][TFPB] can be measured within the polarized potential window of the [C(18)Iq][TFPB]|W interface. The stoichiometry of the complexes in [C18Iq][TFPB] for Li+, Na+, K+, and Rb+ are found to be 1:1 while for the Cs+ transfer both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes are likely to be formed. The formation constants of the 1:1 complexes for Li+, Na+, K+, and Rb+ in [C18Iq][TFPB], , evaluated from CVs are log = 5.0, 7.0, 8.2, and 7.3, respectively. The value for K+ is 1 order of magnitude greater than that for Na+. This higher selectivity of DB18C6 to K+ over Na+ in [C18Iq][TFPB] compared with that in molecular solvents suggests that the RTIL provides a unique solvation environment for the complexations of DB18C6 with the ions.     

Application of human amniotic mesenchymal cells as an allogeneic transplantation cell source in bone regenerative therapy

Autogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have therapeutic applications in bone regenerative therapy due to their pluripotency. However, the ability of MSCs to proliferate and differentiate varies between donors. Furthermore, alternative sources of MSCs are required for patients with contraindications to autogenous cell therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of mesenchymal cells from the human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a source of cells for allogeneic transplantation in bone regenerative therapy. Cells that retained a proliferative capacity of more than 50 population doubling level were distinguished from other HAM cells as HAMα cells and induced to osteogenic status—their in vivo osteogenesis was subsequently investigated in rats. It was found that HAMα cells were spindle shaped and were positive for MSC markers and negative for hematopoietic stem cell markers. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition increased with osteogenic status of HAMα cells. The expression of osteocalcin mRNA was increased in HAMα cells cultured on calcium phosphate scaffolds. Moreover, xenografted HAMα cells remained viable and produced extracellular matrix for several weeks. Thus, this study suggests that human amniotic mesenchymal cells possess osteogenic differentiation potential and could be applied to allogeneic transplantation in bone regenerative therapy.     

Roles of Macrophages in Advanced Liver Fibrosis,Identified Using a Newly Established Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Macrophages play critical roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, it is unclear which macrophage subsets are critically involved in the development of inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. In TSNO mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol/cholate-based diet, which exhibit advanced liver fibrosis that mimics human NASH, we found that Kupffer cells (KCs) were less abundant and recruited macrophages were more abundant, forming hepatic crown-like structures (hCLS) in the liver. The recruited macrophages comprised two subsets: CD11c⁺/Ly6C⁻ and CD11c⁻/Ly6C⁺ cells. CD11c⁺ cells were present in a mesh-like pattern around the lipid droplets, constituting the hCLS. In addition, CD11c⁺ cells colocalized with collagen fibers, suggesting that this subset of recruited macrophages might promote advanced liver fibrosis. In contrast, Ly6C⁺ cells were present in doughnut-like inflammatory lesions, with a lipid droplet in the center. Finally, RNA sequence analysis indicates that CD11c⁺/Ly6C⁻ cells promote liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, whereas CD11c⁻/Ly6C⁺ cells are a macrophage subset that play an anti-inflammatory role and promote tissue repair in NASH. Taken together, our data revealed changes in liver macrophage subsets during the development of NASH and shed light on the roles of the recruited macrophages in the pathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in NASH.     

Reactivation of Anticancer Immunity by Resetting Interorgan Crosstalk in Immune-Suppressive Cells with a Nanoparticulated Anti-Inflammatory Drug

The reactivation of anticancer immunity is a fundamental principle in cancer immunotherapy as evidenced by the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). While treatment with the ICIs is shown to have remarkable and durable therapeutic effects in the responders, the low objective response rate (<40%) continues to be a major problem. Since myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), heterogenous cells with strong immunosuppressive activity that originate in the hematopoietic system, suppress the anticancer immunity via parallel immune checkpoint-dependent and independent pathways, these cells are potential targets for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this study, it is demonstrated that MDSCs can be depleted by delivering synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to phagocytic cells in the spleen using a lipid nanoparticle. Since the interaction of nanoparticles with T cells is intrinsically poor, this strategy also enables the “detargeting” from T cells, thus avoiding the nonspecific suppression of cytotoxic immune responses against cancer cells. In addition to the direct anticancer effect of the nanoparticulated dexamethasone, their synergistic anticancer effect with ICIs is also reported.     

A three-dimensional shape optimization for transient acoustic scattering problems using the time-domain boundary element method

We develop a three-dimensional shape optimization (SO) framework for the wave equation with taking the unsteadiness into account. Resorting to the adjoint variable method, we derive the shape derivative (SD) with respect to a deformation (perturbation) of an arbitrary point on the target surface of acoustic scatterers. Successively, we represent the target surface with non-uniform rational B-spline patches and then discretize the SD in term of the associated control points (CPs), which are useful for manipulating a surface. To solve both the primary and adjoint problems, we apply the time-domain boundary element method (TDBEM) because it is the most appropriate when the analysis domain is the ambient air and thus infinitely large. The issues of the severe computational cost and instability of the TDBEM are resolved by exploiting the fast and stable TDBEM proposed by the present authors. Instead, since the TDBEM is mesh-based and employs the piecewise-constant element for space, we introduce some approximations in evaluating the discretized SD from the two solutions of TDBEM. By regarding the evaluation scheme as the computation of the gradient of the objective functional, given as the summation of the absolute value of the sound pressure over the predefined observation points, we can solve SO problems with a gradient-based non-linear optimization solver. To assess the developed SO system, we performed several numerical experiments from the perspective of verification and application with satisfactory results.     

Purely resistive load estimation for three-phase inverter by using pseudo random binary sequence signal

In recent years, the introduction of photovoltaic power generation systems has been increasing from the perspective of global warming countermeasures. However, there is a problem that it becomes difficult to adjust the supply and demand balance of electric power. Therefore, in this research, the inverter by using estimation signal estimates the load of the consumer, then we aim to adjust the supply-demand balance at the demand side. By the verification of experimental, three-phase inverter, which is assumed to be an industrial photovoltaic power generation system, estimates the load by using pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) signal and two proposed methods. The load estimation results show that the error rate of the estimated resistance of each phase is within a few percent by using the two proposed methods, and the load estimation is achieved.     

Single-atom microscopy in wide-bandgap nitrides

Wide bandgap III-nitrides, such as cubic boron nitride and wurtzite-type aluminum nitride, are promising systems for optoelectronics. To extend their luminescent properties, we doped single Ce atoms into III-nitride single crystals using reactive flux with a temperature gradient method at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. To fully understand such properties in a large size-mismatch system, it is critically important to determine the point-defect structures of single dopants, their spatial distribution in three dimensions, and their atomistic dynamics at an atomic level. This review discusses point defect structures and their dynamics in III-nitrides using single-atom-sensitive scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the recent progress in the related field of electron microscopy.     

Size-Controlled Synthesis of Luminescent Few-Atom Silver Clusters via Electron Transfer in Isostructural Redox-Active Porous Ionic Crystals (Small 23/2023)

Ag clusters with a controlled number of atoms have received significant interest because they show size-dependent catalytic, optical, electronic, or magnetic properties. However, the synthesis of size-controlled, ligand-free, and air-stable Ag clusters with high yields has not been well-established. Herein, it is shown that isostructural porous ionic crystals (PICs) with redox-active polyoxometalates (POMs) can be used to synthesize Ag clusters via electron transfer from POMs to Ag⁺. Ag clusters with average numbers of three, four, or six atoms emitting blue, green, or red colors, respectively, are formed and stabilized in the PICs under ambient conditions without any protecting ligands. The cluster size solely correlates with the degree of electron transfer, which is controlled by the reduction time and types of ions or elements of the PICs. Thus, advantages have been taken of POMs as electron sources and PICs as scaffolds to demonstrate a convenient method to obtain few-atom Ag clusters.