Non-isoflavone phytoestrogenic compound contents of various legumes

Widely consumed legumes including chickpeas, red kidney beans, haricot beans, yellow lentils, red lentils and green lentils were analysed to determine the content of non-isoflavone phytoestrogenic compounds such as quercetin, rutin, apigenin, coumestrol and lignan (matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol). Methanolic extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction were analysed by the triple quadrupole LC–MS/MS. Red kidney beans were the best source of quercetin (603.2 ± 307.2 μg/kg) and rutin (73.4 ± 14.0 μg/kg). Apigenin and secoisolariciresinol contents were the highest in yellow lentils (18.5 ± 0.84 μg/kg) and haricot beans (451.9 ± 192.2 μg/kg), respectively. Coumestrol contents of haricot beans (18.5 ± 1.45 μg/kg) and red kidney beans (18.5 ± 1.26 μg/kg) were equal to each other, and these were determined as the highest coumestrol content values. The best sources of matairesinol occurred in green lentils (28.2 ± 0.18 μg/kg) and chickpeas (27.7 ± 1.83 μg/kg). Differences between contents of each sample of the same legume were significant and remarkable, especially for quercetin and secoisolariciresinol.     

Influence of conching temperature and some bulk sweeteners on physical and rheological properties of prebiotic milk chocolate containing inulin

Changes in food consumption habits and the developments set forth in the area of health and nutrition also change consumer expectations and demands. Sugar-free foodstuffs and products that have prebiotic activity are among the primary features of such expectations and demands. In the present study, the effects of substituting fine sugar with isomalt and maltitol in milk chocolate samples that contain inulin (9.0 % w/w), which is a substance with prebiotic activity, and the use of varying conching temperatures (CT) (50, 55 and 60 °C) in the sample preparation process on their physical (colour, hardness, water activity) and rheological properties were examined. Rheological data were obtained using the Herschel–Bulkley model which showed the best fitting for predicting rheology. It was determined that all properties included within the scope of the study are affected by the use of different bulk sweeteners or varying CT (P < 0.01). While colour properties, such as brightness (L*), hue angle (h°), water activity (aw) and rate index properties varied in a narrow range, it was determined that the yield stress and viscosity properties, which are among the important quality parameters of chocolate and can have determining effects on sensory properties, manifest variations within a broad range, depending on the CT and the bulk sweeteners used. It was concluded that maltitol is a more suitable fine sugar substitute in milk chocolates containing inulin.     

Transient simulation of heterojunction photodiodes-part I:computational methods

A novel approach is presented for incorporating the transient solution of one-dimensional semiconductor drift-diffusion equations within a general circuit simulation tool. This approach allows simple representation of localized carrier transport models of simulated devices through equivalent circuit elements such as voltage controlled current sources and capacitors. It also lends itself to mixed-mode transient simulation of devices and circuits. The utility of the new simulation approach in state-of-the-art device design is demonstrated by the transient response analysis of a GaAs heterojunction p-i-n photodiode, and by the time-domain analysis of an integrated photoreceiver circuit     

Representation of mechanical behavior in the presence of internal damage

Deformation of a material is accompanied by changes that take place in its internal structure. These changes exhibit different degrees of permanency. Some of these changes disappear, immediately or slowly, upon unloading; some others (such as dislocation tangles) may need annealing for their removal; others (such as voids on grain boundaries) may be so permanent that we refer to them as internal damage.The paper is concerned with the representation of the relationship that exists, for a given material and temperature and for small deformations, between histories of applied stress and the observed strain, the accompanying internal happenings and the eventual failure of the material.In particular the role played by irreducible even rank tensors in the representation of internal structure is discussed and clarified. The restrictions placed by thermodynamics on constitutive equations are considered and the use of potentials in these equations is examined and criticized.     

The hypotensive effect of cisapride in rat

1. Cisapride is a prokinetic agent believed to facilitate acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus of the gut. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cisapride on blood pressure and the effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists on the cisapride-induced blood pressure changes. 2. Cisapride was given i.v. alone or 10 min after muscarinic receptor antagonists. Cisapride given i.v. produced a significant decrease in blood pressure in a dose-related manner. Atropine, AF-DX 116 and 4-DAMP given 10 min before cisapride injection, partially inhibited the hypotensive response to cisapride. In pithed rat, the effect of cisapride on blood pressure remained unaltered. 3. This study indicates that the action of cisapride is not through central mechanisms and part of cisapride's effect is through the cholinergic system.     

Al-Pillared clay for cottonseed oil bleaching: An optimization study

In this study, Al-pillared white bentonite (Ordu-Unye, Turkey) was used for cottonseed oil bleaching. Pillaring process parameters were optimized in terms of bleaching efficiency as the bleaching capacity of cottonseed oil. The initial cation concentration, hydrolyzing agent ratio, and thermal treatment temperature were chosen as major process parameters. Pillared clays were characterized by FTIR and differential thermal analysis. The bleaching efficiency of bentonite increased from 11.8 to 17.5% by acid activation and to 33.5% by further Al pillaring. The optimal pillaring process conditions for cottonseed bleaching were an initial concentration of AICl₃, of 0.5 M, a OH⁻/Al³⁺ molar ratio of 0.3, and a thermal treatment temperature of 700°C.     

Non-linear mechanical behavior of 1100 aluminium at 300° F

Summary In the first part of the paper, experimental results are reported on the strain response of 1100 aluminium at 300° F to time dependent uniaxial stress. The second part of the paper is concerned with the integral representation of the observed dependance of strain on the stress history.

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Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird über experimentelle Ergebnisse über das Verzerrungsverhalten von 1100 Aluminium bei 300° F und zeitabhängigem einachsigem Zug berichtet. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Integraldarstellung der beobachteten Abhängigkeit der Verzerrung von der Spannungsgeschichte.

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With 18 Figures

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The results in this paper were obtained in the course of research sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 562 (20) with Brown University.     

Analytical and parametric investigations on lateral torsional buckling of European IPE and IPN beams

Lateral torsional buckling is one of the main failure modes controlling the strength of the slender thin-walled members. A transversely or transversely and axially combined loaded member that is bent with respect to its axis of greatest flexural rigidity may buckle laterally and twist as applied load reaches its critical value unless the beam is provided with a sufficient lateral support. This study intends to present a unique convenient equation that it can be used for calculating critical lateral-torsional buckling load of simply supported European IPE and IPN beams. First, an analytical model is introduced to describe lateraltorsional buckling behavior of beams with monosymmetric cross-section. The analytical model includes first order bending distribution, load height level and monosymmetry property of the section. Then, parametric study is carried out using the analytical solutions in order to establish a simplified equation with dimensionless coefficients. The effect of slenderness and loading positions on lateral-torsional buckling behavior of IPE and IPN beams are studied. The proposed solutions are compared to finite element simulations where thin-walled shell elements and beam elements including warping are used. Good agreement between the analytical, parametric and numerical solutions is demonstrated. It is found out that the lateral-torsional buckling load of European IPE and IPE beams can be determined by presented equation and can be safely used in design procedures.

     

An efficient synergistic Co@CQDs catalyst for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of NH3BH3

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - We report the synthesis of carbon quantum dots supported-Co (Co@CQDs) catalyst and its catalytic activity. The synthesized Co@CQDs catalyst...