Inflating examples to obtain rules

A new machine learning system is presented in this article. It is called INNER and induces classification rules from a set of training examples. The process followed by this system starts with the random selection of a subset of examples that are iteratively inflated in order to cover the surroundings provided that they are inhabited by examples of the same class, thus becoming rules that will be applied by means of a partial matching mechanism. The rules so obtained can be seen as clusters of examples and represent clear evidence to support explanations about their future classifications and may be used to build intelligent advisors. The whole algorithm can be seen as a set of elastic transformations of examples and rules and produces concise, accurate rule sets, as is experimentally demonstrated in the final section of the article. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Biopolitics of Thirdspace: Urban Segregation and Resistance in Puerto Rico’s Luis Lloréns Torres Public Housing Project

The public housing programme in Puerto Rico was highly influenced by a culturally engrained logic of colonialism that aimed to achieve a behavioural transformation of the residents of public housing based on white “criollo” norms and conducts. To this day, the process of Othering with which these bodies are understood and viewed has recurrently been reproduced and redeployed utilizing the island’s old racial/colonial hierarchies. Criminality and drug-related activities are the main discursive agents employed to stigmatize the communities that live inside public housing in Puerto Rico. It is constantly inferred that most of its residents break with the behavioural norms that the rest of the population abides by. This argument is constantly utilized to perpetuate the cultural lens that views these sectors as lazy, unruly and dangerous. This highly prejudiced misconception justified the police occupations and the fences that were erected in and around public housing premises during the 1990s. However, most of these communities rarely view themselves as victims, and it is this paper’s argument that they are constantly and collectively enacting political and physical spaces of dissent, resistance and encounter that – however momentarily – are able to overturn some of these powerful ideological and spatial constructs.     

Shot boundary detection using Zernike moments in multi-GPU multi-CPU architectures

This paper presents an analysis of a Multi-GPU Multi-CPU environment, along with the different possible hybrid combinations. The analysis has been performed for a shot boundary detection application, based on Zernike moments, although it is general enough to be applied to many different application areas. A deep study of the performance, bottlenecks and design challenges is carried out showing the validity of this approach and achieving very high frame per second rates. In this paper, Zernike calculations are carried out on GPUs, taking advantage of a packing strategy proposed to minimize host-device communication time.     

Synthesis and applications of molybdenum (IV) oxide

Molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) is a transition metal oxide with unusual metal-like electrical conductivity and high catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. This review covers the synthesis techniques used to fabricate MoO₂ in a variety of morphologies and particle sizes. Processing from molybdenum ore and reduction from MoO₃ are also covered, with emphasis on reduction mechanisms and kinetic considerations. Discussions of various solution-based and gas phase synthesis techniques shed light on strategies to achieve various unique morphologies, which leads into a brief discussion of nanoscale MoO₂. Nanoscale MoO₂ is of interest for important technological applications including catalysts for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, solid oxide fuel cell anodes, and high-capacity reversible lithium ion battery anodes.     

Asymmetric Intermolecular Mizoroki-Heck Reaction: From Phosphine/Phosphinite-Nitrogen to Phosphite-Nitrogen Ligands

This review discusses the latest developments in ligand design for the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular Mizoroki-Heck reaction, from the successful phosphine/phosphinite-nitrogen ligands to the recently reported phosphite-nitrogen ligands. The presence of a biaryl phosphite group offers several advantages as a ligand scaffold for this process.     

An online optimum voltage estimation and real‐time MPP tracking for a PV system

In this paper, a photovoltaic system topology incorporating a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller method is presented. This method uses an autotuning estimator and a PI controller to make the system work in the maximum power point. The controller is formulated based on the bijectivity in the photovoltaic generator characteristic; therefore, if the optimal voltage is reached, this means that the maximum of power is obtained. The proposed MPPT algorithm is implemented on a dSpace DS1104 controller board. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in real time, an experimental setup using a boost converter connected to a resistive load is successfully implemented and studied. The obtained experimental results prove the validity of the proposed MPPT algorithm.     

How drivers decide whether to get a fuel cell vehicle: An ethnographic decision model

This article develops and tests an ethnographic decision model (EDM) of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) adoption using interviews with California residents that either actually adopted an FCV or “seriously considered” doing so before deciding against it. We developed an initial model from 25 semi-structured interviews in which respondents self-described their decision-making processes. We iteratively tested and refined the model in a second round of 53 structured interviews. The final model consists of a first stage that assesses FCV adoption feasibility and a second stage that compares FCVs to other vehicle types. The model ultimately correctly predicts 86.8% of cases in the sample. In the first stage, respondents preferred to satisfy their need for a primary refueling station near home but a substantial number were willing to rely on a station near or on the way to work or other destination. Most drivers required a convenient backup station and a means of managing long-distance trips. Vehicle size options eliminated a few respondents. None rejected FCV adoption due to insufficient driving range. In the second stage, nearly all drivers engaged in some kind of cost comparison, though the factors considered varied greatly. Most opted for what they viewed as the less costly option, although a few FCV adopters and non-adopters were willing to pay more for their more preferred option. EDM is a promising qualitative research method for generating insights into how people navigate the decision whether or not to get an alternative-fuel vehicle.     

Stability,performance and sensitivity analysis of I.I.D. jump linear systems

This paper presents a symmetric Kronecker product analysis of independent and identically distributed jump linear systems to develop new, lower dimensional equations for the stability and performance analysis of this type of systems than what is currently available. In addition, new closed form expressions characterising multi-parameter relative sensitivity functions for performance metrics are introduced. The analysis technique is illustrated with a distributed fault-tolerant flight control example where the communication links are allowed to fail randomly.     

Identification of Toxin Inhibitors Using a Magnetic Nanosensor‐Based Assay

A magnetic nanosensor‐based method is described to screen a library of drugs for potential binding to toxins. Screening is performed by measuring changes in the magnetic relaxation signal of the nanosensors (bMR nanosensors) in aqueous suspension upon addition of the toxin. The Anthrax lethal factor (ALF) is selected as a model toxin to test the ability of our bMR nanosensor‐based screening method to identify potential inhibitors of the toxin. Out of 30 molecules screened, sulindac, naproxen and fusaric acid are found to bind LF, with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. Further biological analysis of the free molecules in solution indicate that sulindac and its metabolic products inhibited LF cytotoxicity to macrophages with IC₅₀ values in the micromolar range. Meanwhile, fusaric acid is found to be less effective at inhibiting LF cytotoxicity, while naproxen does not inhibit LF toxicity. Most importantly, when the sulindac and fusaric acid‐bMR nanosensors themselves are tested as LF inhibitors, as opposed to the corresponding free molecules, they are stronger inhibitors of LF with IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar range. Taken together, these studies show that a bMR nanosensors‐based assay can be used to screen known drugs and other small molecules for inhibitor of toxins. The method can be easily modified to screen for inhibitors of other molecular interactions and not only the selected free molecule can be study as potential inhibitors but also the bMR nanosensors themselves achieving greater inhibitory potential.