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81.
The modification of the interface in immiscible polymer blends is critical in order to optimize physical properties. Despite the great commercial importance of polymer blends, many aspects of the emulsification process remain unclear In this paper, it will be shown that an emulsification curve can be used to estimate the influence of the architecture molar mass of styrene/hydrogenated butadiene block copolymer interfacial modifiers on the emulsifion of polystyrene/ethylene-propylene rubber blends under melt processing conditions. An expression for eing the critical amount of copolymer to saturate the interface, as well as aspects concerning the localisation of the modifier in the blend system will also be addressed. 相似文献
82.
Samuel J.A. Guieu Anna Maria Manotti Lanfredi Chiara Massera Laura Durn Pachn Patrick Gamez Jan Reedijk 《Catalysis Today》2004,96(4):259-264
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE), which is widely used in high-performance engineering plastics, is obtained by the copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2,6-dimethylphenol. The oxidative polymerizations have been carried out in acetonitrile with structurally related [copper-(N,O-containing ligand)] complexes as the catalyst precursor compounds, which appeared to be of great interest for a better understanding of the factors influencing the catalytic activities. Steric effects (influence of a methyl group close to the metal center; ligands 4–7) or electronic effects (imino versus amino group; ligands 4, 5, 8 and 6, 7, 9, respectively) on the polymerization rates have been demonstrated. The use of mono- or dinucleating ligands has strengthened the proposed mechanism of the reaction involving dinuclear active species. 相似文献
83.
Jun-Ting Xu J.Patrick A. FaircloughShao-Min Mai Chiraporn ChaibunditM. Mingvanish C. BoothAnthony J. Ryan 《Polymer》2003,44(22):6843-6850
The crystallization behavior of poly(oxyethylene)-b-poly(oxybutylene) block copolymers with different compositions, morphologies and architectures (EmBn diblock copolymers and EmBnEm, BnEmBn triblock copolymers) were investigated and the effect of volume fraction and architecture on the crystallization temperature (Tc) in non-isothermal crystallization was determined. It is found that the EmBn diblock copolymers having long E blocks exhibit similar crystallization temperatures, irrespective of volume fraction and morphology, but for the block copolymers with shorter E blocks the crystallization temperature increases with both the volume fraction, φE, and the length, m, of the E block. Some block copolymers with extremely low Tc, which fall into the temperature range normally associated with homogenous nucleation, were chosen for time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and isothermal crystallization kinetics experiments. The results show that breakout crystallization occurs in all these block copolymers. Therefore, unlike EmBn/Bh blends, there is no obvious relationship between Tc and crystallization behavior in neat block copolymers and homogeneous nucleation does not definitely lead to confined crystallization. The values of χc/χODT for all the block copolymers with hex and bcc morphology were also calculated. It is found that all the block copolymers have χc/χODT<3, in agreement with the previously reported critical value and consistent with their breakout crystallization behavior. 相似文献
84.
Sykes EC Han P Kandel SA Kelly KF McCarty GS Weiss PS 《Accounts of chemical research》2003,36(12):945-953
Adsorbate interactions and reactions on metal surfaces have been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. The manners in which adsorbates perturb the surface electronic structure in their vicinity are discussed. The effects these perturbations have on other molecules are shown to be important in overlayer growth. Interactions of molecules with surface steps are addressed, and each molecule's electron affinity is shown to dictate its adsorption sites at step edges. Standing waves emanating from steps are demonstrated to effect transient molecular adsorption up to 40 A away from the step edge. Halobenzene derivatives are used to demonstrate how the surface is important in aligning reactive intermediates. 相似文献
85.
Reactive mixing in a wavy torus reactor (WTR) has been examined experimentally. Its performances are compared to these of two other reactors: a plane torus reactor (PTR) and a baffled stirred tank reactor (BSTR). hydrodynamics of mixing has been studied using a plug flow model with axial dispersion for the WTR and PTR. The effect of axial dispersion on the kinetic of a chemical reaction was then analysed for the WTR, PTR and BSTR. Mixing times were slightly longer for the WTR due to a weaker axial dispersion. We also noticed an improvement of the convertion rate for low dissipated power. 相似文献
86.
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of phosphatidylcholine at controlled water activity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ingemar Svensson Patrick Adlercreutz Bo Mattiasson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(10):986-991
The incorporation of a free fatty acid into thesn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine by lipase-catalyzed transesterification was investigated. The thermodynamic water activity
of both the enzyme preparation and the substrate solution was adjusted to the same value prior to the reaction. The reaction
rate increased with increasing water activity but the yield of modified phosphatidylcholine decreased due to hydrolysis. By
using a large excess of the free fatty acid (heptadecanoic acid), the hydrolysis reaction was slowed down, so a higher yield
was obtained at a given degree of incorporation. The best results were obtained withRhizopus arrhizus lipase immobilized by adsorption on a polypropylene support. With this preparation, a yield of 60% and nearly 50% incorporation
of heptadecanoic acid (100% incorporation in thesn-1 position) was obtained at a water activity of 0.064. The enzyme preparation had good operational stability and position
specificity. Little incorporation (<1%) was observed in thesn-2 position, when almost all the fatty acid in thesn-1 position was exchanged. 相似文献
87.
Claudia Kuenzer Patrick Leinenkugel Matthias Vollmuth Stefan Dech 《International journal of remote sensing》2014,35(8):2752-2779
In this article we present the results of a comparison of six globally available land-cover products for the Mekong Basin – an area that spans 795,000 km2 and comprises parts of six riparian countries: China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The basin covers most climatic zones: from high-altitude, snow-covered mountainous regions in the north, to subtropical and tropical rainforest areas and agricultural land further south. The geopolitically important region not only is home to over 72,000,000 inhabitants, but also is a centre of attention of several environmental modelling experts, trying to assess future hydrologic dynamics, climate variability, as well probable land-use developments in the area.We compare land-cover products of the University of Maryland, UMD 1992–1993, the GLC 2000 product, the GlobCover products of 2004–2006 and 2009, as well as the MODIS-derived land-cover products of 2001 and 2009. For harmonization of individual legends, the Land Cover Classification System, LCCS, has been employed. However, even after harmonization, cross-tabulation among the products reveals extreme differences, where the impact of differing classification algorithms weighs higher than the impact of temporal coincidence of products. Especially, differences within mixed-vegetation classes are large, strongly impacting the overall assessment of forested land, other vegetated land, and even cultivated land in the Mekong Basin. The findings presented here are of high relevance for the modelling community as well as Mekong-related environmental studies, which should consider global remote-sensing-derived products with caution and solid background knowledge. 相似文献
88.
The catalytic activity of Pt catalysts supported on high surface area tin(IV) oxide in the complete oxidation of CH4 traces under lean conditions at low temperature was studied in the absence and in the presence of water (10 vol.%) or H2S (100 vol.ppm). Their catalytic properties were compared to those of Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3. In the absence of H2S in the feed, Pt/SnO2appears as a very promising catalyst for CH4 oxidation, being even significantly more active under wet conditions than the best reference catalyst, Pd/Al2O3. Catalysts steamed-aged at 873 K were also studied in order to simulate long term ageing in real lean-burn NGV exhaust conditions. To this respect, Pt/SnO2 is slightly less resistant than Pd/Al2O3. In the presence of H2S, Pt/SnO2catalysts are rapidly and almost completely poisoned, comparably to Pd/Al2O3and the catalytic activity is hardly restored upon oxidising treatment below 773 K. A synergetic effect between Pt and specific surface SnO2sites active in CH4oxidation is proposed to explain the superior catalytic behaviour of Pt/SnO2. 相似文献
89.
The factors affecting the adsorption and desorption kinetics in a TEOM are reviewed in detail with particular attention given to the assumptions required to obtain physical transport parameters from the data. Two models are presented to simulate TEOM adsorption data in the case that concentration differences down the catalyst bed can be neglected, as is appropriate when the amount of catalyst used is small, the carrier gas flowrate is large, and/or the adsorbate partial pressure is low. In the first model, the effective diffusion coefficient, De, is taken to be constant. In the second model, the effective diffusion coefficient is assumed to obey the Darken equation, De=D0/(1−θ). The TEOM results obtained on n-hexane, n heptane, n-octane, toluene and p-xylene on a commercial FCC catalyst and on pure rare-earth exchanged zeolite Y under non-reacting conditions (373-) are analysed in detail. It is found that intracrystalline diffusion is not the limiting factor affecting the overall rates of adsorption and desorption for the systems studied. Instead, it is the transport of molecules between the adsorbed and vapour phases at the edge of zeolite crystallites that is the limiting transport step affecting the overall kinetics. For the FCC catalyst, the limiting step is the transport of molecules at the zeolite-matrix interface rather than, say, the matrix-vapour interface. Local rate constants for the desorption of the hydrocarbons at the rate-controlling interface have been obtained. 相似文献
90.
Céline Cohen Rory Giles Victoria Sergeyeva Nitesh Mittal Patrick Tabeling Djamal Zerrouki Jean Baudry Jérôme Bibette Nicolas Bremond 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2014,17(5):959-966
The capacity of microfluidic technology to fabricate monodisperse emulsion droplets is well established. Parallelisation of droplet production is a prerequisite for using such an approach for making high-quality materials for either fundamental or industrial applications where product quantity matters. Here, we investigate the emulsification efficiency of parallelised drop generators based on a flow-focusing geometry when incorporating the role of partial wetting in order to make emulsion droplets with a diameter below 10 μm. Confinement intrinsically encountered in microsystems intensifies the role played by interfaces between liquids and solids. We thus take advantage of partial wetting to enhance the maximum confinement accessible due to liquid flow focusing. We compare the performances brought by partial wetting to more established routes such as step emulsification. We show that the step configuration and the partial wetting regime are both well suited for being parallelised and thus open the way to the production of fine and calibrated emulsions for further applications. Finally, this new route of emulsification that exploits partial wetting between the fluids and the channel walls opens possibilities to the formation of substantially smaller droplets, as required in many fields of application. 相似文献