Enhanced Performance of a Self‐Powered Organic/Inorganic Photodetector by Pyro‐Phototronic and Piezo‐Phototronic Effects

Self‐powered photodetectors (PDs) have long been realized by utilizing photovoltaic effect and their performances can be effectively enhanced by introducing the piezo‐phototronic effect. Recently, a novel pyro‐phototronic effect is invented as an alternative approach for performance enhancement of self‐powered PDs. Here, a self‐powered organic/inorganic PD is demonstrated and the influences of externally applied strain on the pyro‐phototronic and the photovoltaic effects are thoroughly investigated. Under 325 nm 2.30 mW cm^‐2 UV illumination and at a ‐0.45% compressive strain, the PD's photocurrent is dramatically enhanced from ≈14.5 to ≈103 nA by combining the pyro‐phototronic and piezo‐phototronic effects together, showing a significant improvement of over 600%. Theoretical simulations have been carried out via the finite element method to propose the underlying working mechanism. Moreover, the pyro‐phototronic effect can be introduced by applying a ‐0.45% compressive strain to greatly enhance the PD's response to 442 nm illumination, including photocurrent, rise time, and fall time. This work provides in‐depth understandings about the pyro‐phototronic and the piezo‐phototronic effects on the performances of self‐powered PD to light sources with different wavelengths and indicates huge potential of these two effects in optoelectronic devices.     

Architecture engineering of hierarchically porous chitosan/vacuum-stripped graphene scaffold as bioanode for high performance microbial fuel cell

The bioanode is the defining feature of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology and often limits its performance. In the current work, we report the engineering of a novel hierarchically porous architecture as an efficient bioanode, consisting of biocompatible chitosan and vacuum-stripped graphene (CHI/VSG). With the hierarchical pores and unique VSG, an optimized bioanode delivered a remarkable maximum power density of 1530 mW m(-2) in a mediator-less MFC, 78 times higher than a carbon cloth anode.     

A second‐order decoupled implicit/explicit method of the 3D primitive equations of ocean II: finite element spatial discretization

A fully discrete second‐order decoupled implicit/explicit method is proposed for solving 3D primitive equations of ocean in the case of Dirichlet boundary conditions on the side, where a second‐order decoupled implicit/explicit scheme is used for time discretization, and a finite element method based on the P₁(P₁) ? P₁?P₁(P₁) elements for velocity, pressure and density is used for spatial discretization of these primitive equations. Optimal H¹?L²?H¹ error estimates for numerical solution and an optimal L² error estimate for are established under the convergence condition of 0 < h≤β₁,0 < τ≤β₂, and τ≤β₃h for some positive constants β₁,β₂, and β₃. Furthermore, numerical computations show that the H¹?L²?H¹ convergence rate for numerical solution is of O(h + τ²) and an L² convergence rate for is O(h²+τ²) with the assumed convergence condition, where h is a mesh size and τ is a time step size. More practical calculations are performed as a further validation of the numerical method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一类非光滑机械系统的Hopf分岔与混沌

通过用四阶Runge-kutta数值积分法和Poincare映射法对系统复杂动力学现象进行的仿真，对一类简谐激振力作用下的双边不对称复杂约束系统的动力学行为进行了分析，证实单自由度含间隙系统中存在Hopf分岔，分析了系统周期运动的Hopf分岔以及通向混沌的拟周期道路。对其分岔与混沌行为的研究为工业实际中含间隙机械系统和冲击振动系统的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

白炭黑原位复合聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的合成及次级网络对流变行为的影响

采用水溶液聚合法,通过丙烯酰胺与白炭黑原位复合,制备出复合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶.采用高级流变仪和红外吸收光谱证实了白炭黑与聚丙烯酰胺形成的次级网络的存在,通过对比不同白炭黑填充量和不同吸水倍数对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶模量、损耗角正切、零切黏度和流动指数的影响,发现白炭黑的加入对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶力学性能的贡献,随着白炭黑用量在0%～3...     

Interfacial Passivation of the p‐Doped Hole‐Transporting Layer Using General Insulating Polymers for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), as a competing technology with traditional inorganic solar cells, have now realized a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.1%. In PVSCs, interfacial carrier recombination is one of the dominant energy‐loss mechanisms, which also results in the simultaneous loss of potential efficiency. In this work, for planar inverted PVSCs, the carrier recombination is dominated by the dopant concentration in the p‐doped hole transport layers (HTLs), since the F4‐TCNQ dopant induces more charge traps and electronic transmission channels, thus leading to a decrease in open‐circuit voltages (V_OC). This issue is efficiently overcome by inserting a thin insulating polymer layer (poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene) as a passivation layer with an appropriate thickness, which allows for increases in the V_OC without significantly sacrificing the fill factor. It is believed that the passivation layer attributes to the passivation of interfacial recombination and the suppression of current leakage at the perovskite/HTL interface. By manipulating this interfacial passivation technique, a high PCE of 20.3% is achieved without hysteresis. Consequently, this versatile interfacial passivation methodology is highly useful for further improving the performance of planar inverted PVSCs.     

Managing major chemical accidents in China: towards effective risk information

Chemical industries, from their very inception, have been controversial due to the high risks they impose on safety of human beings and the environment. Recent decades have witnessed increasing impacts of the accelerating expansion of chemical industries and chemical accidents have become a major contributor to environmental and health risks in China. This calls for the establishment of an effective chemical risk management system, which requires reliable, accurate and comprehensive data in the first place. However, the current chemical accident-related data system is highly fragmented and incomplete, as different responsible authorities adopt different data collection standards and procedures for different purposes. In building a more comprehensive, integrated and effective information system, this article: (i) reviews and assesses the existing data sources and data management, (ii) analyzes data on 976 recorded major hazardous chemical accidents in China over the last 40 years, and (iii) identifies the improvements required for developing integrated risk management in China.     

高冲击下电子线路灌封材料的缓冲机理及措施研究

从能量吸收和应力波传播两方面研究了高冲击下电子线路灌封材料的缓冲机理及材料的选用准则.对硬目标侵彻引信电路体的缓冲提出了相应的措施,实验证明这些措施是合理有效的.     

一种面向复杂嵌入式系统的互连网络研究

提出了一种结构简单,具有分形特征的基三分层互连网络.讨论了适合于基三分层网络的节点编码方案,给出了网络中任意两个节点之间最短路径的求解算法和网络平均最短距离的估计值.针对复杂嵌入式系统的特点,分析了基三分层网络的成本、可靠性和实时性.将基三分层网络与常见的嵌入式实时互连拓扑结构进行了比较,结果表明基三分层网络可靠性较高,具有较高的性价比,适合作为通信局部性较高的嵌入式实时互连网络.