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11.
Observer-based estimators (OBE) were used for estimation of state variables and kinetic parameters in an anaerobic digestion (AD) process. A simplified first-order model with time-varying kinetic parameters was used to design an OBE for kinetic parameter estimation. This approach was validated on a laboratory-scale anaerobic reactor equipped with a multiwavelength fluorometer for on-line measurements of COD and VFA concentrations in the reactor effluent. The proposed estimators provide continuous adjustment of kinetic parameters and can be used for predictions of state variables between samples acquisition and during sensor failure. 相似文献
12.
S H Lee J H Ko J R Kim Y J Kim J J Lee C W Kim T H Lee 《Water science and technology》2006,53(4-5):115-123
The adverse effect of nitrate on the phosphate release rate in the anaerobic phase was observed and was hardly explainable with conventional EBPR process models. Four possible mechanisms were proposed including substrate competition, reduced fermentation, parallel reaction and sequential reaction. Batch experiments were designed and conducted to identify the dominant mechanism. Results showed that the sequential reaction was the only possible mechanism where only denitrification occurred if any nitrate existed in the anaerobic phase. Then the phosphate release following after the nitrate was completely removed. Nitrate inhibition effect was added into the PHA storage rate to incorporate the sequential reaction in the conventional ASM3 plus EAWAG bio-P module (ASM3 + P). Nitrate inhibition coefficient, K(I,NO,PAO) was found to be as low as 0.05 mg/L. This correlated well with experimental observation where no also meant that the anaerobic compartment of a continuous flow reactor could be seriously affected by the residual nitrate contained in the sludge recycle flow. This phenomenon caused overestimation of the phosphate uptake rate and consequently underestimation of PO4(3-) -P concentration. This problem was resolved by incorporation of a nitrate inhibition term in the ASM3 + P for more accurate simulation of the EBPR process. 相似文献
13.
14.
Intensive use of the benchmark simulation model No. 1 (BSM1), a protocol for objective comparison of the effectiveness of control strategies in biological nitrogen removal activated sludge plants, has also revealed a number of limitations. Preliminary definitions of the long-term benchmark simulation model No. 1 (BSM1_LT) and the benchmark simulation model No. 2 (BSM2) have been made to extend BSM1 for evaluation of process monitoring methods and plant-wide control strategies, respectively. Influent-related disturbances for BSM1_LT/BSM2 are to be generated with a model, and this paper provides a general overview of the modelling methods used. Typical influent dynamic phenomena generated with the BSM1_LT/BSM2 influent disturbance model, including diurnal, weekend, seasonal and holiday effects, as well as rainfall, are illustrated with simulation results. As a result of the work described in this paper, a proposed influent model/file has been released to the benchmark developers for evaluation purposes. Pending this evaluation, a final BSM1_LT/BSM2 influent disturbance model definition is foreseen. Preliminary simulations with dynamic influent data generated by the influent disturbance model indicate that default BSM1 activated sludge plant control strategies will need extensions for BSM1_LT/BSM2 to efficiently handle 1 year of influent dynamics. 相似文献
15.
16.
Improved homogenization of Ni in sintered steels through the use of Cr-containing prealloyed powders
The homogenization of Ni in powder metal (PM) steel compacts is usually difficult even after high-temperature sintering at
1250°C. An earlier study by the authors demonstrated that this problem can be alleviated through the addition of 0.5 wt pct
Cr in the form of stainless steel powders. To further improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-containing
PM steels and to understand the mechanisms, an attempt was made in this study using the Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo prealloyed powder as
the base material. The results showed that the distribution of the Ni additives was significantly improved. As a result, the
tensile strength of the Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo-4Ni-0.5C compact sintered at 1250°C reached 1323 MPa. The elongation was higher than
1 pct. These sinter-hardened properties, which were attained using a slow furnace cooling rate, were comparable to those of
the sinter-hardened alloys reported in the literature using accelerated cooling and were equivalent to those of the best quenched-and-tempered
alloys registered in the Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) standards. These improvements were attributed to the positive
effect of Cr addition on alloy homogenization due to the reduction of the repelling effect between Ni and C, as was demonstrated
through the thermodynamic analysis using the Thermo-Calc program. 相似文献
17.
Experimental studies of the bond response of three-wire strands and some influencing parameters 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
R. Gustavson 《Materials and Structures》2004,37(2):96-106
The bond behavior of prestressing strands is of great importance for the capacity of precast prestressed concrete structures. In the present study, the bond behavior of three-wire strands, and some influencing parameters, were examined by means of steel encased pull-through and push-in tests. The three mechanisms: adhesion, friction and other mechanical actions were found to be present at the strand-concrete interface at different slip values. The results from the experiments showed that the micro roughness of the strand surface strongly affected the initial bond response of the strand, that is the adhesion in the interface. The maximum bond capacity of indented three-wire strands was found to be directly connected to the geometric properties of the strand indents. The influence of the concrete strength on the bond capacity of the strand was hard to interpret. However, the density of the concrete matrix was found to be a better parameter for determine the influence of the concrete rather than the compressive strength. 相似文献
18.
Supported metal catalysts, particularly noble metals supported on SiO2, have attracted considerable attention due to the importance of the silica–metal interface in heterogeneous catalysis and in electronic device fabrication. Several important issues, e.g., the stability of the metal–oxide interface at working temperatures and pressures, are not well-understood. In this review, the present status of our understanding of the metal–silica interface is reviewed. Recent results of model studies in our laboratories on Pd/SiO2/Mo(1 1 2) using LEED, AES and STM are reported. In this work, epitaxial, ultrathin, well-ordered SiO2 films were grown on a Mo(1 1 2) substrate to circumvent complications that frequently arise from the silica–silicon interface present in silica thin films grown on silicon. 相似文献
19.
The In-site of Ba2In2O5 with Brownmillerite structure was partially substituted for Ce4+ ions in order to examine the doping effect on the order-disorder transition. Ba2In2 – x
Ce
x
O5 + x/2 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) were prepared by solid state reaction. X-Ray diffraction analyses of these powder samples demonstrated that Ba2In2 – x
Ce
x
O5 + x/2 (x = 0.1 and 0.2) possesses Brownmillerite structure. With increasing content of Ce4+ ion the crystal system of Ba2In2 – x
Ce
x
O5 + x/2 (x = 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0) changed to cubic perovskite structure above the order-disorder transition temperature of Ba2In2O5. Arrhenius plots of the electrical conductivities of Ba2In2 – x
Ce
x
O5 + x/2 (x = 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0) exhibited no discontinuity. These compounds had high transference numbers of oxide ion above 973 k. 相似文献
20.
The basic methods of verifying continuous automatic belt weighers are described. A comparative analysis of these methods on the basis of experimental studies is made and ways of implementing the results in industry are recommended. 相似文献