Wavelength Conversion Placement in WDM Mesh Optical Networks*

Wavelength conversion helps improve the performance of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks that employ wavelength routing. In this paper, we address the problem of optimally placing a limited number of wavelength converters in mesh topologies. Two objective functions, namely, minimizing the average blocking probability and minimizing the maximum blocking probability over all routes, are considered. In the first part of the paper, we extend an earlier analytical model to compute the blocking probability on an arbitrary route in a mesh topology, given the traffic and locations of converters. We then propose heuristic algorithms to place wavelength converters, and evaluate the performance of the proposed heuristics using the analytical model. Results suggest that simple heuristics are sufficient to give near-optimal performance.     

Performance of some SQP algorithms on structural design problems

This paper describes the basic ideas of sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithms for design optimization. There are two fundamental differences between the various algorithms: (i) the difinition of the QP subproblem solved at each iteration, and (ii) the descent function used during step size determination. The performances of the algorithms can change dramatically depending on how the two steps are executed. Numerical implementation details of various computational steps are discussed. Three programs based on SQP algorithms are used to solve 17 structural design problems having 7 to 96 design variables and 10 to 1051 performance constraints besides design variable bounds. Based on the performance of these programs, efficient procedures to execute various steps of the SQP methods are determined. It is concluded that the potential constraint strategy, where only a subset of the constraints is used to define the QP subproblem, is essential for large scale engineering design applications. With this strategy the SQP methods are quite robust and have great potential for routine application in engineering design.     

A study of mathematical programming methods for structural optimization. Part I: Theory

A comprehensive study of various mathematical programming methods for structural optimization is presented. In recent years, many modern optimization techniques and convergence results have been developed in the field of mathematical programming. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to discuss the applicability of modern optimization techniques to structural design problems, and (b) to present mathematical programming methods from a unified and design engineers' viewpoint. Theoretical aspects are considered here, while numerical results of test problems are discussed in a companion paper. Special features possessed by structural optimization problems, together with recent developments in mathematical programming (recursive quadratic programming methods, global convergence theory), have formed a basis for conducting the study. Some improvements of existing methods are noted and areas for future investigation are discussed.     

Differences in prevalence of tobacco use among Indian urban youth: the role of socioeconomic status

This study examined whether the distribution of tobacco use and related psychosocial risk factors among youth in urban India vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of students enrolled in the 6th and 8th grades in 32 schools in Delhi and Chennai (N = 11,642). The survey was conducted in 2004, before the implementation of a program designed to prevent and reduce tobacco use (MYTRI). Mixed-effect regression models were used (a) to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among private (higher SES) and government (lower SES) school students, (b) to investigate whether certain psychosocial factors were associated with increased tobacco use, and (c) to determine how these factors varied by school type. Ever-use of multiple forms of tobacco (e.g., gutkha, bidis, and cigarettes) was more prevalent among government school students than private school students. After adjusting for city, gender, grade, and age, we found the prevalence rate for ever-use of any tobacco product to be 18.9% for government school students, compared with 12.2% for private school students (p<.01). Students in government schools scored lower than private school students on most psychosocial risk factors for tobacco use studied here, indicating higher risk. Government school students scored the lowest for refusal skills, self-efficacy, and reasons not to use tobacco. Social susceptibility to chewing tobacco and social susceptibility to smoking were strong correlates of current tobacco use among government school students. Exposure to tobacco advertising was also a strong correlate of current tobacco use for government school students but not private school students. In two large cities of India, students attending government schools are using many forms of tobacco at higher rates than private school students. The psychosocial risk profile of government school students suggests they are more vulnerable to initiation and use and to outside influences that encourage use.     

A practical approach towards mathematical modeling of deposition rate during twin-wire submerged arc welding

The present paper deals with a shop floor applicable mathematical model for deposition rate during twin-wire submerged arc welding. The salient features of this model are (1) instead of melting rate, as modeled during past investigations, it quantifies the deposition rate, which is the actual outcome of the process and always remains smaller than the melting rate because of evaporation or spatters losses and (2) it estimates electrode extension in order to predict the deposition rate which makes the proposed model more practical than the models constituted with the help of experimental measurement of electrode extension. The model is more scientific than the simplified models where contact tube to work-piece distance has been considered as the electrode extension. A critical review of the relevant past investigation is given and a mathematical model is developed for deposition rate during the twin-wire welding with both the polarities, i.e., direct current electrode positive and direct current electrode negative. The model is calibrated using the results of 200 experimental runs and it is found to be very accurate with very high coefficient of regression and admissible standard error. The developed model is further validated with extra experimental runs. The practicality of the considered approach for prediction of deposition rate can further be used in future research for other consumable arc welding processes.     

Blends of cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin and CTBN for application in surface coating: a study on thermal,mechanical, chemical,and morphological characteristics

Blend samples of cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin and different weight percentages of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) were developed and cured with stoichiometric amounts of aliphatic amine. The formation of various products during the curing of blend samples has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The dynamic differential scanning calorimeter scans showed that the pure epoxies and their blend samples with CTBN cured in the temperature range of 100–150°C. The blend sample containing 15 wt% CTBN showed the least cure time (at 120°C) among all other blend samples. Upon evaluation, it was found that blend samples exhibit better properties compared to pure epoxy resin in terms of increase in impact strength and elongation-at-break of the casting and gloss, scratch hardness, adhesion, and flexibility of the film. The improvement in these properties indicates that the rubber modified resin would be more durable than the epoxy based on cardanol. Chemical and morphological properties of the formulated resins were also determined. The thermal stability of the blend samples containing 15 wt% CTBN in epoxy resin was the highest among all other prepared systems. The blend morphology, studied by scanning electron microscope, showed the presence of precipitated discrete rubber particles, which dispersed throughout the epoxy matrix—i.e., they revealed the presence of two-phase morphological features.     

Effect of dynamic cross-linking on mixing torque behavior and tensile yield behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) / ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) /nitrile rubber (NBR) elastomeric blends

The mixing torque behavior of ter blends of isotactic-polypropylene (iPP) with ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM)/Nitrile rubber (NBR) was studied with the help of Rheometer using resole type phenolic resin as a cross-linking agents. Systematic changes with varying blend composition were observed in stress-strain behavior in the yield region viz., width of yield peak, work of yield, yield stress and yield strain. Analysis of yield stress data was made on the basis of various mathematical expressions of first power and two-thirds power laws of blend composition dependence and the porosity model. It led to consistent result from the expressions about the variation of stress concentration effect in both uncross-linked and cross-linked blend systems. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shapes and sizes of dispersed elastomer phase (EPDM / NBR) domains at varying blend compositions were studied.     

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles by solvothermal method

In the present work iron oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by alkaline solvo thermal method using anhydrous ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide, polyethylene glycol and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). XRD indicated that the product is a mixture of different phases of iron oxide viz. gamma-Fe₂O₃ (maghemite, tetragonal), Fe₂O₃ (maghemite, cubic), Fe₃O₄ (magnetite, cubic) and ?-Fe₂O₃(epsilon iron oxide). FESEM studies indicated that size of the particles is observed in the range of about 19.8 nm to 48 nm. EDX spectral analysis reveals the presence of carbon, oxygen, iron in the synthesized nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra indicated absorption bands due to O-H stretching, C-O bending, N-H stretching and bending, C-H stretching and Fe-O stretching vibrations. TGA curve represented weight loss of around 3.0446 % in the sample at temperature of about 180°C due to the elimination of the water molecules absorbed by the nanoparticles from the atmosphere.