Applying combinatorial methods to materials science offers the opportunity to accelerate the discovery of more efficient dielectric ceramics. High-throughput methods have the potential to investigate the effects of a wide range of dopants on the dielectric properties, and to optimise existing systems, encouraging the short innovation cycles that the communications technology industry requires. The London University Search Instrument (LUSI) is a fully automated, high-throughput combinatorial robot that has the potential capability to produce large numbers of sintered bulk ceramic samples with varying composition in 1 day, as combinatorial libraries on alumina substrates. Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (BST) libraries were produced by LUSI as a proof-of-principle, with x = 0–1 in steps of 0.1, and fired to 1350 and 1400 °C for 1 h. Part I of this paper described the manufacture and physical characterisation of BST libraries, showing a regular change in composition with x across the libraries. In this second part, the dielectric properties of BST libraries produced by LUSI are assessed at frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 MHz, and at temperatures between 150 and 500 K. Local piezoelectric properties were also characterised by scanning probe microscope (SPM). All measurements showed evidence of a clear functional gradient varying with x across the library, with measured r corresponding to expected values for BST. 相似文献
This paper describes a pair of chemical reaction experiments developed for Rowan University's introductory course in chemical reaction engineering: an esterification reaction carried out in a packed bed, and a competitive reaction in which the kinetics were influenced by micromixing.
The first experiment is the esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to form ethyl acetate. Students first examine this reaction in their organic chemistry class. The experiment developed in this project re-examines this reaction from a chemical engineering perspective. For example, the reaction is reversible and equilibrium-limited, but in the organic chemistry lab, there is no examination of the kinetics. The complementary chemical engineering experiment examines the relationship between residence time and conversion.
The second experiment is a competitive system involving two reactions:
H2BO3− + H+ ↔ H3BO3
5I− + IO3− + 6H+ → 3I2 + 3H2O
The first reaction is essentially instantaneous. Thus, when H+ is added as the limiting reagent, a perfectly mixed system would produce essentially no I2. Production of a significant quantity of I2 is attributed to a local excess of H+; a condition in which all H2BO3− in a region is consumed and H+ remains to react with I− and IO3−.
In the spring of 2005, for the first time, both experiments were integrated into the undergraduate chemical reaction engineering course. This paper describes the use of the experiments in the classroom and compares the performance of the 2005 students to the 2004 cohort, for whom the course included no wet labs at all. 相似文献
Beneficial bacteria that live on salamander skins have the ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi. Our study aimed to identify
the specific chemical agent(s) of this process and asked if any of the antifungal compounds known to operate in analogous
plant–bacteria–fungi systems were present. Crude extracts of bacteria isolated from salamander skin were exposed to HPLC,
UV-Vis, GC-MS, and HR-MS analyses. These investigations show that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol is produced by the bacteria isolate
Lysobacter gummosus (AB161361), which was found on the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Furthermore, exposure of the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (isolate JEL 215), to different concentrations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol resulted in an IC50 value of 8.73 μM, comparable to crude extract concentrations. This study is the first to show that an epibiotic bacterium
on an amphibian species produces a chemical that inhibits pathogenic fungi. 相似文献
The effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the abundance of Δ6 desaturase (D6D) mRNA and the fatty acid composition of HepG2
cell membranes was examined. Supplementation of HepG2 cells with oleic acid (18:1n-9, OA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), α-linolenic
acid (18:3n-3, ALA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) reduced D6D mRNA abundance by
39 ± 6.6, 40 ± 2.2, 31 ± 5.2, 55 ± 4.8, and 52 ± 5.0%, respectively, compared with control cells. Despite the reduction in
D6D mRNA abundance, the level of D6D conversion products (20:3n-9, EPA and AA) in OA, ALA and LA supplemented cells, respectively,
was elevated above that in control cells. Our results suggest that although unsaturated fatty acids decrease the abundance
of D6D mRNA by as much as 50%, the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and accumulation of long chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids (LCPUFA) in HepG2 cell phospholipids continues to occur. 相似文献
Conventional thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems consist of a duplex structure with a metallic bondcoat and a ceramic, heat-isolative
topcoat. Several recent research activities are concentrating on developing improved bondcoat or topcoat materials; for the
topcoat especially, those with reduced thermal conductivity are investigated. Using advanced topcoat materials, the ceramic
coating can be further divided into layers with different functions. One example is the double-layer system in which conventional
yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is used as bottom and new materials such as pyrochlores or perovskites are used as topcoat
layers. These systems demonstrated an improved temperature capability compared to standard YSZ. In addition, new functions
are introduced within the TBCs. These can be sensorial properties that can be used for an improved temperature control or
even for monitoring remaining lifetime. Further increased application temperatures will also lead to efforts for a further
improvement of the reflectivity of the coatings to reduce the radiative heat transfer through the TBC. 相似文献
A series of 26 different antioxidants and commercial antioxidant packages designed for petroleum‐based materials, containing both natural and synthetic‐based materials, were evaluated with dimeric coconut‐oleic estolide 2‐ethylhexyl ester (2‐EH), a bio‐based material. The different antioxidants were categorized into different classes of phenolic, aminic, and blended/others materials. The oxidation onset temperatures (OT) using non‐isothermal pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) were measured and recorded under previously reported standard conditions. The aminic series gave the best resistance to oxidation as defined by the PDSC method with OT of 246.6 and 244.7 °C for the best two performers, which was a 38 °C improvement over the uninhibited or unformulated dimer estolide material. The phenolic series, containing most of the naturally occurring antioxidants, was the least successful formulation package for the dimer estolide. The blended/other materials, which were specifically designed for petroleum‐based lubricants, did not have the best OT, since the estolides and other bio‐based materials interact differently than their petroleum counterparts. A number of potential antioxidants have been identified as useful additives for the estolides esters. The OT of the estolide and formulated materials correlated well with other bio‐based materials such as biodiesel. 相似文献
The aim of the present study was to compare different rape varieties. For this purpose oil from six different varieties of rapeseeds was cold pressed under laboratory conditions. In the obtained rapeseed oils the fatty acids composition and minor components, characteristic values (acid value; AV and TOTOX), oxidative stability (DSC test), and volatiles were determined and a sensory evaluation was carried out. The highest oxidative stability was found for oil from sample 5 (IP = 158 min), which also has the lowest amount of C18:3 (7.8%), chlorophylls (0.083 mg/kg), and metals (Cu2+ 0.02 mg/kg and Fe2+ 0.08 mg/kg). This oil has also the lowest AV (0.17 mg KOH/g), which may be related to the lowest moisture content of the seeds prior to extraction. It was characterized by the highest rapeseed flavor intensity. The lowest induction period was observed for samples 3 and 6 (100 min). Although sample 3 had the same low level of metals as sample 5 and the highest concentration of tocopherols (635 mg/kg), PUFA (33.9%), and AV (1.37 mg KOH/g) it also had the lowest intensity of rapeseed flavor among the analyzed oils. Sample 6, despite its low percentage of PUFA (24.7%), conjugated diens and triens, and the lowest content of total volatiles (0.4Vs), had the highest concentration of metals (Cu2+ 0.04 mg/kg and Fe2+ 0.34 mg/kg). 相似文献