2005年美国印刷业简报

2005年已经过去,从我们目前掌握的数据来看,与过去6年里表现最佳的2004年一样,2005年对美国印刷业来讲也是一个相对不错的年头。回顾20051656亿美元印刷总产值,39503家印刷企业,108.37万名印刷从业人员,这3个数字无疑让我们对2005年的美国     

Developmental changes in dichotic listening with categorized word lists.

Two experiments examined the effects of blocking of word lists (grouped by semantic category membership or randomly ordered) on the dichotic listening performances of 48 2nd and 48 5th graders. For Exp I, shadowing and retention scores were obtained for groups of Ss representing the 4 combinations of blocked and random word lists for targets and distractors. Blocking of distractor lists led to better shadowing scores for 2nd graders. When word pairs were matched by categories in Exp II, 2nd graders who heard blocked lists recognized fewer target words (in retention tests) than did those who heard randomly ordered word lists. Results are interpreted in the context of variables that affect the shadowing performances of younger children and developmental differences in encoding strategies. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is it only CO2 that matters? A life cycle perspective on shallow geothermal systems

Shallow geothermal systems such as open and closed geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems are considered to be an efficient and renewable energy technology for cooling and heating of buildings and other facilities. The numbers of installed ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, for example, is continuously increasing worldwide. The objective of the current study is not only to discuss the net energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or savings by GHP operation, but also to fully examine environmental burdens and benefits related to applications of such shallow geothermal systems by employing a state-of the-art life cycle assessment (LCA). The latter enables us to assess the entire energy flows and resources use for any product or service that is involved in the life cycle of such a technology. The applied life cycle impact assessment methodology (ReCiPe 2008) shows the relative contributions of resources depletion (34%), human health (43%) and ecosystem quality (23%) of such GSHP systems to the overall environmental damage. Climate change, as one impact category among 18 others, contributes 55.4% to the total environmental impacts. The life cycle impact assessment also demonstrates that the supplied electricity for the operation of the heat pump is the primary contributor to the environmental impact of GSHP systems, followed by the heat pump refrigerant, production of the heat pump, transport, heat carrier liquid, borehole and borehole heat exchanger (BHE). GHG emissions related to the use of such GSHP systems are carefully reviewed; an average of 63 t CO₂ equivalent emissions is calculated for a life cycle of 20 years using the Continental European electricity mix with 0.599 kg CO₂ eq/kWh. However, resulting CO₂ eq savings for Europe, which are between ?31% and 88% in comparison to conventional heating systems such as oil fired boilers and gas furnaces, largely depend on the primary resource of the supplied electricity for the heat pump, the climatic conditions and the inclusion of passive cooling capabilities. Factors such as degradation of coefficient of performance, as well as total leakage of the heat carrier fluid into the soil and aquifer are also carefully assessed, but show only minor environmental impacts.     

Cost effective second generation AC-modules: Development and testing aspects

In the framework of the European research project PV2GO, a new AC-module inverter was developed, taking into account all relevant aspects from a European market's point of view (standards, market, application, and research and development goals). The project goal was to achieve the overall system costs of 3 Euro per Wp for a modular plug-and-play photovoltaic system. For the photovoltaic-module, a standard 130-Wp Eurosolare module was chosen. The research and development (R&D) goal was to develop an advanced DC-control system consisting of a state-of-the-art programmable digital device and an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for the AC-control of the inverter. According to the topology concept, thermal and magnetic designs were optimized with regard to production technology and packaging for large-scale production. The new AC-modules were tested in a number of field-test sites in various parts of Europe and their reliability was assessed through Highly Accelerated Stress Tests. Efficiency and power quality have been tested in the laboratory. Further in the PV2GO project an optimization study of the manufacturing process of the new generation of AC-modules for high volume output was done. Another task was the pre-certification procedure to assure compliance with the European guidelines and standards.     

Determination of the rheological properties of thermoplastic composites for compression flow molding

The influence of the fiber mat structure and the matrix rheology on the squeeze flow behavior of thermoplastic composites for compression flow molding has been investigated. An analytical model for isothermal squeeze flow has been developed and experimentally confirmed. The model is based on the role of the matrix at local fiber interaction points. The squeeze flow rheology of the composite can be evaluated from the shear flow of the pure matrix as expressed by a Carreau equation, using two micromechanical‐based shift factors. It was found that the fiber mat structure influences the yield stress of the composite, but has a minor influence on the squeeze flow in comparison to the influence of the matrix.     

Hypnotic age regression and the occurrence of transitional object relationships.

Object relations theory and subsequent empirical investigations have established the characteristic ways in which children aged 2–6 yrs utilize transitional objects (e.g., teddy bears or blankets). Three of these characteristics—spontaneity, specificity, and intensity—were used as the primary criteria to investigate the genuineness of hypnotic age regression when Ss were regressed to age 3 and placed in emotional situations typical of those reported clinically. Two groups of college students (16 highly susceptible, as "reals," and 15 low susceptible, as simulators; Ss were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and a version of the Stanford Profile Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility) behaved differentially on all 3 measures, with reals behaving in a generally more childlike manner, thus suggesting an effect attributable to the hypnotic condition. Further, the behavior of these Ss was compared to that of 77 children aged 1–6 yrs; reals and children were statistically indistinguishable on the 2 criteria on which they were compared, but simulators differed significantly from both groups. This pattern of results, along with real–simulator differences, suggests a more complete reproduction of an earlier affective process as a function of meaningful hypnotic age regression. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nanoparticulate Delivery of Cancer Cell Membrane Elicits Multiantigenic Antitumor Immunity

Anticancer vaccines train the body's own immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells based on differential antigen expression. While conceptually attractive, clinical efficacy is lacking given several key challenges stemming from the similarities between cancerous and healthy tissue. Ideally, an effective vaccine formulation would deliver multiple tumor antigens in a fashion that potently stimulates endogenous immune responses against those antigens. Here, it is reported on the fabrication of a biomimetic, nanoparticulate anticancer vaccine that is capable of delivering autologously derived tumor antigen material together with a highly immunostimulatory adjuvant. The two major components, tumor antigens and adjuvant, are presented concurrently in a fashion that maximizes their ability to promote effective antigen presentation and activation of downstream immune processes. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that the formulation can elicit potent antitumor immune responses in vivo. When combined with additional immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockades, the nanovaccine demonstrates substantial therapeutic effect. Overall, the work represents the rational application of nanotechnology for immunoengineering and can provide a blueprint for the future development of personalized, autologous anticancer vaccines with broad applicability.