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排序方式: 共有358条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
12.
Jason M. Kephart Russell M. Geisthardt W. S. Sampath 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(11):1484-1492
A major source of loss in cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe) solar cells results from light absorbed in the CdS window layer, which is not converted to electrical current. This film can be made more transparent by oxygen incorporation during sputter deposition at ambient temperature. Prior to this work, this material has not produced high‐efficiency devices on tin oxide‐coated soda‐lime‐glass substrates used industrially. Numerous devices were fabricated over a variety of process conditions to produce an optimized device. Although the material does not show a consistent increase in band gap with oxygenation, absorption in this layer can be virtually eliminated over the relevant spectrum, leading to an increase in short‐circuit current. Meanwhile, fill factor is maintained, and open‐circuit voltage increases relative to baseline devices with sublimated CdS. The trend of device parameters with oxygenation and thickness is consistent with an increasing conduction band offset at the window/CdTe interface. Optimization considering both initial efficiency and stability resulted in a National Renewable Energy Laboratory verified 15.2%‐efficient cell on 3.2‐mm soda‐lime glass. This window material was shown to be compatible with SnO2‐based transparent conducting oxide and high resistance transparent coated substrates using in‐line compatible processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
13.
Sanjay Sampath 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2010,19(5):921-949
Thermal spray has enjoyed unprecedented growth and has emerged as an innovative and multifaceted deposition technology. Thermal
spray coatings are crucial to the enhanced utilization of various engineering systems. Industries, in recognition of thermal
spray’s versatility and economics, have introduced it into manufacturing environments. The majority of modern thermal spray
applications are “passive” protective coatings, and they rarely perform an electronic function. The ability to consolidate
dissimilar material multilayers without substrate thermal loading has long been considered a virtue for thick-film electronics.
However, the complexity of understanding/controlling materials functions especially those resulting from rapid solidification
and layered assemblage has stymied expansion into electronics. That situation is changing: enhancements in process/material
science are allowing reconsideration for novel electronic/sensor devices. This review critically examines past efforts in
terms of materials functionality from a device perspective, along with ongoing/future concepts addressing the aforementioned
deficiencies. The analysis points to intriguing future possibilities for thermal spray technology in the world of thick-film
sensors. 相似文献
14.
Effect of Deposition Rate on the Stress Evolution of Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kentaro Shinoda Jose Colmenares-Angulo Alfredo Valarezo Sanjay Sampath 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2012,21(6):1224-1233
The deposition rate plays an important role in determining the thickness, stress state, and physical properties of plasma-sprayed coatings. In this article, the effect of the deposition rate on the stress evolution during the deposition (named evolving stress) of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings was systematically studied by varying the powder feed rate and the robot-scanning speed. The evolving stress during the deposition tends to increase with the increased deposition rate, and this tendency was less significant at a longer spray distance. In some cases, the powder feed rate had more significant influence on the evolving stress than the robot speed. This tendency can be associated with a deviation of a local deposition temperature at a place where sprayed particles are deposited from an average substrate temperature. At a further higher deposition rate, the evolving stress was relieved by introduction of macroscopic vertical cracks as well as horizontal branching cracks. 相似文献
15.
Yikai Chen Yang Tan Silvia Tessarini Sanjay Sampath 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2013,22(2-3):110-115
Spray parameters play an important role on the microstructure and properties of plasma-sprayed coatings. Parameters such as spray distance, plasma gas flow and current, raster speed, and spray angle all can be varied. In this paper, an integrated study to investigate the effects and influences of spray angle on properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings was carried out with spray angles of 60°, 75°, and 90° (to the substrate surface). In situ coating property sensor based on beam curvature measurements was used to measure the evolving stress and elastic moduli of the resultant coatings and combined with other characterization tools for thermo-physical property and microstructure analysis, such as laser flash and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the coating with 60° spray angle had the lowest thermal conductivity and more compliant structure. This study seeks to understand the mechanism for this effect and will provide important insight into parametric sensitivities on complex spray parts. 相似文献
16.
Experimental investigation on a combined sensible and latent heat storage system integrated with constant/varying (solar) heat sources 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The objective of the present work is to investigate experimentally the thermal behavior of a packed bed of combined sensible and latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) unit. A TES unit is designed, constructed and integrated with constant temperature bath/solar collector to study the performance of the storage unit. The TES unit contains paraffin as phase change material (PCM) filled in spherical capsules, which are packed in an insulated cylindrical storage tank. The water used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) to transfer heat from the constant temperature bath/solar collector to the TES tank also acts as sensible heat storage (SHS) material. Charging experiments are carried out at constant and varying (solar energy) inlet fluid temperatures to examine the effects of inlet fluid temperature and flow rate of HTF on the performance of the storage unit. Discharging experiments are carried out by both continuous and batchwise processes to recover the stored heat. The significance of time wise variation of HTF and PCM temperatures during charging and discharging processes is discussed in detail and the performance parameters such as instantaneous heat stored and cumulative heat stored are also studied. The performance of the present system is compared with that of the conventional SHS system. It is found from the discharging experiments that the combined storage system employing batchwise discharging of hot water from the TES tank is best suited for applications where the requirement is intermittent. 相似文献
17.
This study proposes a fiber-optic temperature sensor with a single-mode fiber tip covered with a thermo-sensitive polymer resin. The temperature is sensed by measuring the Fresnel reflection from the optical fiber/polymer interface. Because the thermo-optic coefficients differ between the optical fiber and the polymer, the in situ temperature can be measured even in curing composite materials. In initial experiments, the proposed sensor successfully measured and recovered the temperature information. The measured sensor data were linearly correlated, with an R2 exceeding 0.99. The standard deviation in the long-term measurements of constant temperature was 2.6%. The durability and stability of the sensor head material in long-term operation was validated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In further experiments, the suggested miniature temperature sensor obtained the internal temperatures of curing composite material over a wide range (30–110 °C). 相似文献
18.
P. Sampath Brijesh Kakarla Raghava Reddy C. Venkata Reddy Nagaraj P. Shetti Raghavendra V. Kulkarni Anjanapura V. Raghu 《化学工程与技术》2020,43(7):1240-1248
Hydrogen fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels because of its energy content, clean nature, and fuel efficiency. However, it is not readily available. Most current producion processes are very energy intensive and emit carbon dioxide. Therefore, this article reviews technological options for hydrogen production that are eco-friendly and generate clean hydrogen fuel. Biological methods, such different fermentation processes and photolysis are discussed together with the required substrates and the process efficiency. 相似文献
19.
Jonathan Sampath Franklyne Swati Iyer Andrew Ebenazer Amitava Mukherjee Natarajan Chandrasekaran 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2019,54(9):2802-2810
Many human acid tolerant bacterial and fungal pathogens can be transmitted through the consumption of the contaminated fruit juices. We aim to formulate essential oil nanoemulsions (basil, black seed, turmeric, clove & cinnamon), determine their ability to clear contamination by food borne bacterial pathogens from fruit juices. The antibacterial activity of the optimised formulations was tested in the fruit juices against bacterial pathogens causing gastrointestinal tract infections. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of clove emulsions ranged from 15.6 to 25 μL mL−1. Cinnamon oil emulsion had an MBC ranging between 15 and 31 μL mL−1. At MBC, cinnamon oil emulsions caused a 6log10 decrease in viable counts by 8 h and maintained the sterility of fruit juices for 7 days at ambient temperature. Thus, clove and cinnamon microemulsions can be used as juice additives to control food borne bacterial pathogens and maintain the bacterial sterility of fruit juices. 相似文献
20.
The presence of Tollmien-Schlichting waves during the initial stages of the isothermal mixing of two axi-symmetical laminar streams of air has been confirmed by comparing data from hot wire measurements with published two-dimensional theoretical and experimental results for the stability of mixing and for transition in a boundary layer. Hot wire measurements in the flow field of steady or vibrating axi-symmetrical laminar diffusion flames are remarkably similar to those obtained during isothermal mixing. A travelling wave in the mean flow direction has also been established. Data for these flames agree with the results of a higher order stability analysis for natural convection flow past a vertical heated plate. It has been concluded that Tollmien-Schlichting waves are responsible for exciting flame vibrations. 相似文献