Solar cell efficiency tables (version 16)

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January 2000 are reviewed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How to successfully promote ICT usage: A comparative analysis of Denmark and Japan

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two advanced ICT nations, Japan and Denmark. While Japan is very advanced with respect to its telecommunications infrastructure, Denmark has come further than Japan regarding the use of ICT infrastructures. This paper compares Denmark, a leader in ICT usage, and Japan, which lags in that regard, analyzes differences in institutions, technologies, and services offered, and examines factors contributing to the success of Denmark in promoting ICT usage from a Japanese perspective. Strong governmental leadership, and common techno-infrastructure such as personal ID and digital signature that serve different systems, and user-orientation of service design are the characteristics of Danish efforts absent in Japan.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Solar cell efficiency tables (version 25)

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since June 2004 are reviewed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solar cell efficiency tables (version 26)

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January, 2005 are reviewed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Homogenized elastic-viscoplastic behavior of plate-fin structures at high temperatures: Numerical analysis and macroscopic constitutive modeling

In this study, homogenized elastic-viscoplastic behavior of an ultra-fine plate-fin structure fabricated for compact heat exchangers is investigated. First, the homogenized behavior is numerically analyzed using a fully implicit mathematical homogenization scheme of periodic elastic-inelastic solids. A power-law creep relation is assumed to represent the viscoplasticity of base metals at high temperatures. The plate-fin structure is thus shown to exhibit significant anisotropy as well as noticeable compressibility in both the elastic and viscoplastic ranges of the homogenized behavior. Second, a non-linear rate-dependent macroscopic constitutive model is developed using the quadratic yield function proposed for anisotropic compressible plasticity. The resulting constitutive model is shown to be successful for simulating the anisotropy, compressibility, and rate dependency in the homogenized behavior in multi-axial stress states.     

Inelastic behaviour of 214Cr-1Mo steel under plasticity-creep interaction condition: An interim report of the Bench Mark project by the subcommittee on inelastic analysis and life prediction of high temperature materials,JSMS

Some of the interim results of the Bench Mark Project by the Subcommittee on the Inelastic Analysis and Life Prediction of High Temperature Materials, JSMS, is presented. The purpose of the present bench mark study is to review and evaluate the inelastic constitutive models relevant to material response under the plasticity-creep interaction.By specifying normalized and tempered $\text{2}\text{1}\text{4}\text{Cr-1Mo}$ steel at 600°C, sixteen bench mark problems of four categories are first established: (I) tensile stress-strain relations and creep curves, (II) material response under mixed modes of plastic and creep loading, (III) ratcheting and deformation under program loads, and (IV) cyclic deformation behaviour under the combination of different strain rates. Then, the outline of seventeen inelastic constitutive models of nine types discussed in this project is presented. Finally, the interim results of these bench mark tests are compared with the corresponding predictions of the constitutive models to evaluate their accuracy in simulating the actual behaviour of the material.     

Minute mixed hepatoma with two components: hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma, which developed on liver cirrhosis with HCV

Mixed type hepatoma with two components, hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma, is very rare. We encountered a case of a single and minute mixed type hepatoma developing on liver cirrhosis in a patient with persistent hepatitis C viral infection. Histologically, the two-type cancer tissue existed in a nodule with a maximal diameter of approximately 20 mm, and the cholangiocellular carcinoma occupied about 70% of the tumor. The original cell of the mixed type hepatoma is unknown, but this case suggests that a bipotential cell developing into hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma may be the origin.     

封装标准太阳电池性能及其与国际标准一致性的评价

基于国际电工委员会(IEC)国际标准分析了引起标准太阳电池量值传递误差的因素及其与国际标准的一致性。随机选取我国市场上销售的6种封装标准太阳电池,测量了它们的温度特性、光谱响应特性和表面反射特性。结果表明:电池的封装结构影响它们的冷却效果及温度的正确测量,从而导致温度和短路电流的不稳定性,其变异系数最高可达0.12%和0.04%。另外,有、无偏置光条件下的光谱响应特性均反映其光电流的光照强度线性特性,这里定义用光谱拟合度来衡量各封装太阳电池的光谱响应特性。采用改变入射角测量短路电流的方法分析了表面光反射对短路电流的影响,利用余弦函数拟合确定了由表面反射光所引起的短路电流的误差可达0.21%。本文的研究成果对光伏行业正确制造、选择和使用标准太阳电池具有指导作用。     

Solar cell efficiency tables (version 21)

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July, 2002 are reviewed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-term reliability of amorphous silicon solar cells

The long-term reliability of amorphous silicon solar cells of 1988 products over more than ten years is estimated by a simulation method using the Weibull function with the experimental data of 1988 products exposed outdoors for five years and those of 1983 products exposed outdoors for ten years. The mathematical model is developed based on the accelerated tests and recovery tests in a laboratory for a short period of time. The simulation method is discussed. The decrease of the conversion efficiency of 1988 products after ten years of exposure is estimated to be 25% and 35% at best and worst, respectively. The newest products having initial conversion efficiency of over 13% in a small cell are expected to maintain an efficiency of about 10% at best over a decade.