Comparison of physico-chemical parameters and composition of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) from different Spanish origins

In this study, different physico-chemical analyses were carried out on mussels cultured at three different Spanish areas: Ría de Vigo (Galicia), the Ebro Delta (Catalonia) and Valencia Harbour (Valencian Community), in order to evaluate the influence of origin on the biometric parameters, chemical composition, and water holding capacity. Mussels from the three sites showed different proximate composition. Molluscs from Valencia showed the smallest size and the highest meat yield. All samples exhibited low concentrations of Cu and Mn, and high contents of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P. The highest level of total free amino acids (FAA) was found in mussels from the Ebro Delta and the lowest in those from Valencia. Taurine was the main FAA in all mussels. Saturated fatty acids predominated over monounsaturated and polyunsaturated ones. Contents of palmitic acid were the highest in all samples. Galician mussels exhibited the highest amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and the lowest of docosahexaenoic acid. Mussels from the three sites showed a characteristic volatile fraction which conferred a typical flavour depending on their origin.     

Measuring in-stream retention of copper by means of constant-rate additions

Human practices entail inputs of nutrients and toxicants such as heavy metals to the fluvial ecosystems. While nutrient dynamics in fluvial ecosystems have been widely studied for over three decades, dynamics of toxicants still remain unclear. In this investigation, the nutrient spiraling concept and associated methodologies to quantify nutrient retention in streams were applied to study copper (Cu) dynamics in streams. The present study aimed to quantify total dissolved Cu retention using a simplified system of indoor channels colonized with fluvial biofilms. Cu retention was studied at sub-toxic concentrations to avoid negative/lethal effects on biota. In addition, Cu retention was compared with retention estimates of a macronutrient, phosphate (PO₄³⁻), which has been widely studied within the context of the nutrient spiraling concept. The methodology used allowed a successful quantification of Cu and PO₄³⁻ retention. The results showed higher retention efficiency for PO₄³⁻ than for Cu. The biofilm played a key role in retaining both solutes. Although retention efficiency for both solutes was higher in the experiments with colonized substrata compared to uncolonized substrata, we found a positive relationship between uptake rate and chlorophyll-a only for PO₄³⁻. Finally, retention efficiency for both solutes was influenced by water discharge, showing lower retention efficiencies under higher flow conditions. These results suggest that the fate and toxic effects of copper on stream biota may be strongly influenced by the prevailing environmental conditions. Our results indicate that the experimental approach considered can provide new insights into the investigation of retention of toxic compounds in fluvial systems and their controlling mechanisms.     

Further Increase of T c in Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductors

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of three new Y-based high temperature-superconducting compounds having relatively higher transition temperature T _c compared with that of the Y-123, Y-124, and Y-247. The electrical resistivity measurements indicate the onset critical temperatures as high as 98 K. Atomic compositions of these new Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors are Y₂Ba₃Cu_5.2O _x , Y₂Ba₅Cu₉O _x , and YBa₄Cu₅O _x . The X-ray analysis has shown that they have a similar crystalline structure as Y-123 phases.     

A model of energy management analysis,case study of a sugar factory in Turkey

This study presents a case study of energy management in a sugar factory in Turkey. The main idea of the study is to analyse energy consumption, the quantity of material production, and figure out a suitable energy efficiency for the case study of a sugar factory subsequently. Firstly, a material production and energy consumption audit were performed for the sugar factory. Secondly, energy efficiency was calculated from the energy data. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) statistical software was used to ensure the accuracy of the data. The factory’s energy consumption was calculated as 43,590.25 toe (tons of oil equivalent) over the last year. These results were used for CUSUM (Cumulative Sum Deviation Method) graphics. This research poses the consumption of energy, cost of energy and the relationship between energy usage and material production of sugar. The unit of energy cost was 688.22 [$/toe] for the last year. This result showed that the factory decreased the unit of energy by optimisation. The results indicated that the investigated sugar factory should pay attention to the energy management issue in order to comply with the Energy Efficiency of Turkish Law and Directives.     

Towards Further Improvements of the Magnetization Parameters of B2O3-Doped BaFe12O19 Particles: Etching with Hydrochloric Acid

In the present study, we investigate influence of HCl-etching on magnetic parameters of B₂O₃-doped M-type barium ferrites. Our studies have shown that magnetization parameters; the remanence magnetization M _r and the specific magnetization M _s at 1.5?T, increase significantly with HCl-etching. The best magnetic parameters were observed in the sample of 0.1?wt% B₂O₃-doped and HCl-washed one after calcination at 1000?°C (M _r =34.9?emu/g, M _s =0.63.3?emu/g). Increments up to 50% in magnitudes could be achieved with HCl washing. Exchange interactions between particles were also examined by Wohlfarth model. It was observed that magnetizing-like interactions between particles become stronger but ,on the other hand, demagnetizing-like interactions becomes weaker with HCl-etching.     

Improvement of epoxy thermosets using a thiol‐ene based polyester hyperbranched polymer as modifier

The anionic curing initiated by 1‐methyl imidazole of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with a hyperbranched polymer (HBP) containing long aliphatic chains in the structure were studied. The hydroxyl groups present as chain ends in the HBP structure played an important role in the curing kinetics, as demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and rheological studies. Properties such as shrinkage on curing and thermomechanical characteristics were also investigated. The structure of the HBP, which contains long aliphatic chains and reactive hydroxyl groups as chain ends, flexibilizes the network significantly, improving the impact resistance without notably affecting either the glass transition temperature or the microhardness of the modified thermosets. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Calculation procedure of the shading factor under complex boundary conditions

Together with the evolution of buildings and systems, energy assessment models have become more and more detailed, requiring a precise evaluation of the building loads and gains.For an accurate analysis of solar heat gains, technical standards introduce an external shading reduction coefficient of the incident solar radiation, called shading factor. Its value is provided for simple geometries, which are usually not suitable to properly describe a real environment. In addition, the relations adopted to evaluate the shading factor are based on simplified hypotheses, which cause non-negligible errors when compared to more complex algorithms.The objective of this study is the development of a calculation procedure of the shading factor under complex boundary conditions. The algorithms have been implemented in a software tool written in Matlab language. It can provide for the value of the shading factor on a generically oriented and tilted surface. After setting the site and the time for the simulation, generic-shaped windows can be modelled. The external environment, which can be imported from DXF files, can include a horizon profile, generic-shaped obstructions and vegetation. The calculation can be performed for every sky condition: clear, average or generic. In addition, the simulation can be run to obtain instantaneous, daily average or monthly average shading factor values.     

Crosslinking of mixtures of diglycidylether of bisphenol‐A with 1,6‐dioxaspiro[4.4] nonan‐2,7‐dione initiated by tertiary amines: III. Effect of hydroxyl groups on network formation

BACKGROUND: Blends of epoxy resin oligomers, diglycidylether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA), and a bislactone, 1,6‐dioxaspiro[4.4]nonan‐2,7‐dione (s(γBL)), were anionically copolymerized using two tertiary amines as anionic initiators. Their curing rheology and gelation behaviour were studied to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the curing of these previously studied systems. RESULTS: The activation energy for gelation was found to be similar to that previously measured using differential scanning calorimetry and appeared to increase in the presence of the bislactone. The reaction rate during copolymerization of DGEBA with s(γBL) was slower than DGEBA homopolymerization alone because the alkoxide attack on the epoxide is faster than the reaction of the carboxylate ion and the epoxy group. The effect of the initiator type on the gel conversion was small and was presumably due to differences in the kinetic chain length caused by amine regeneration from the quaternary amine. For the same initiator and at a constant ratio of DGEBA/s(γBL), an increase in the hydroxyl concentration of the DGEBA oligomer raised the gel conversion. For a DGEBA oligomer with low hydroxyl levels, an increase in the concentration of s(γBL) increased the gel conversion; however, for a DGEBA oligomer with high hydroxyl levels, increasing s(γBL) concentration decreased the gel conversion. CONCLUSION: These results are interpreted in terms of the effect of initiation rate and chain transfer rate on the kinetic chain length. The glass transition temperature of the gel was found to be controlled by the fraction of the aliphatic s(γBL) and the amount of plasticizing sol in the matrix. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Solving Ertha Diggs’s Ancient Stone Arch Mystery

According to legend, when the Romans made an arch, they would make the architect stand under it while the wooden support was removed. That was one way to be sure that architects carefully designed arches that wouldn’t fall! Educator Michael Serra led AAAS symposium participants in a surprising and fun hands-on arch construction project using familiar objects—Chinese take-out cartons—in an unfamiliar way: “these are stone voussoirs from an ancient miniature bridge uncovered by my friend, archaeologist Ertha Diggs. She has asked us to determine the number of stones in the original bridge.” This makes it possible to understand both arch mechanics and the mathematics behind the arch through actually constructing them.     

Cerebral blood-flow monitor for use in neonatal intensive care units

The implementation of a real-time multichannel system for monitoring cerebral blood-flow is described. The instrument relies on a completely modular architecture and is based on the principle of measuring the electrical impedance between a number of periodically sensed electrode pairs positioned around the subject's head. The whole setup is controlled by a host computer that performs several functions, such as real-time acquisition, analysis, display and data logging. Two operating options can be chosen by the user: a normal mode that allows continuous monitoring and a triggered mode in which the measurement cycle is automatically started by the occurrence of a preset condition in some other circulatory signal, e.g. the permanently available ECG signal. The design is considerably user-friendly and embodies a number of special safety precautions to take account of the peculiar condition of patients, usually newborn infants hospitalized in intensive care units.