Revisit of Moving Average Technique for Smoothing GNSS Based Timing Data

A new moving average technique with a unique way of assigning weight has been proposed to reduce the influence of the bad/stray data points or large short term fluctuations automatically. A simple iterative technique is introduced wherein the weights of elements are dynamically optimised. This method has been compared with another proposed method which finds the average of a set of data by applying Fuzzy logic through generation of a special membership function. These two methods have been applied on some arbitrarily generated test data for establishing their validation. Finally this technique has been used to smooth the GNSS based timing data. The capabilities of smoothing data utilizing these techniques have been analyzed.     

Performance of Li-ion secondary batteries in low power,hybrid power supplies

Small, portable electronic devices need power supplies that have long life, high energy efficiency, high energy density, and can deliver short power bursts. Hybrid power sources that combine a high energy density fuel cell, or an energy scavenging device, with a high power secondary battery are of interest in sensors and wireless devices. However, fuel cells with low self-discharge have low power density and have a poor response to transient loads. A low capacity secondary lithium ion cell can provide short burst power needed in a hybrid fuel cell–battery power supply. This paper describes the polarization, cycling, and self-discharge of commercial lithium ion batteries as they would be used in the small, hybrid power source. The performance of 10 Li-ion variations, including organic electrolytes with Li_xV₂O₅ and Li_xMn₂O₄ cathodes and LiPON electrolyte with a LiCoO₂ cathode was evaluated. Electrochemical characterization shows that the vanadium oxide cathode cells perform better than their manganese oxide counterparts in every category. The vanadium oxide cells also show better cycling performance under shallow discharge conditions than LiPON cells at a given current. However, the LiPON cells show significantly lower energy loss due to polarization and self-discharge losses than the vanadium and manganese cells with organic electrolytes.     

The Development of Antimicrobial α‐AApeptides that Suppress Proinflammatory Immune Responses

Herein we describe the development of a new class of antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory peptidomimetics: cyclic lipo‐α‐AApeptides. They have potent and broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity against a range of clinically relevant pathogens, including both multidrug‐resistant Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Fluorescence microscopy suggests that cyclic lipo‐α‐AApeptides kill bacteria by disrupting bacterial membranes, possibly through a mechanism similar to that of cationic host‐defense peptides (HDPs). Furthermore, the cyclic lipo‐α‐AApeptide can mimic cationic host‐defense peptides by antagonizing Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling responses and suppressing proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Our results suggest that by mimicking HDPs, cyclic lipo‐α‐AApeptides could emerge as a new class of antibiotic agents that directly kill bacteria, as well as novel antiinflammatory agents that act through immunomodulation.     

Semiconductor Metal–Organic Frameworks: Future Low‐Bandgap Materials

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with low density, high porosity, and easy tunability of functionality and structural properties, represent potential candidates for use as semiconductor materials. The rapid development of the semiconductor industry and the continuous miniaturization of feature sizes of integrated circuits toward the nanometer (nm) scale require novel semiconductor materials instead of traditional materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide etc. MOFs with advantageous properties of both the inorganic and the organic components promise to serve as the next generation of semiconductor materials for the microelectronics industry with the potential to be extremely stable, cheap, and mechanically flexible. Here, a perspective of recent research is provided, regarding the semiconducting properties of MOFs, bandgap studies, and their potential in microelectronic devices.