Demystifying 3D ICs: the pros and cons of going vertical

This article provides a practical introduction to the design trade-offs of the currently available 3D IC technology options. It begins with an overview of techniques, such as wire bonding, microbumps, through vias, and contactless interconnection, comparing them in terms of vertical density and practical limits to their use. We then present a high-level discussion of the pros and cons of 3D technologies, with an analysis relating the number of transistors on a chip to the vertical interconnect density using estimates based on Rent's rule. Next, we provide a more detailed design example of inductively coupled interconnects, with measured results of a system fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m technology and an analysis of misalignment and crosstalk tolerances. Lastly, we present a case study of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) placed and routed in a 0.18-/spl mu/m through-via silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, comparing the 3D design to a traditional 2D approach in terms of wire length and critical-path delay.     

Population migration and the epidemic situation of parasitoses in Belgorod Province]

Paper summarized a concise evaluation of short wounds according to the Red Cross Classification published in Geneva. It is supposed to attract the forensic physician's attention due to informative purpose.     

A New Approach For Locating Public Standpipes In A Water Supply Distribution Network

ABSTRACT

The majority of houses in Nigeria do not have direct connections to water supply mains. These households obtain water from public standpipes for their daily needs. Presently, the criteria which are employed to locate the standpipes are not clearly defined. A new approach using simulation techniques is proposed for finding the number and location of public standpipes, so as to improve the efficiency of water delivery services. In a case study of the Alanamu ward in Ilorin, it was found that 17 standpipes are optimal to provide a 100% service level for a population of 42,000 people. The maximum service distance would be 650 m roundtrip Economically nearly N96,000 [N = naira, N1.00 = $0.25 U.S.] in annual income foregone would be saved when 10 standpipes are added to supplement the existing 7 standpipes in the ward. The annual investment cost of N1,250 for installing and maintaining the new standpipes is small compared to the savings that would accrue to the community.     

Epidemiology of ROP in the Stockholm area of Sweden

A prospective, population-based study of the epidemiology of ROP in a well-defined geographical area of Sweden was performed. Two hundred and sixty children with a birth weight of 1500 g or less, and surviving for at least eight weeks, were included in the study. ROP was seen in 40.4% of the children. We suggest that prematurely born children with a gestational age of 32 weeks or less ought to be screened for ROP.     

Housing Careers of Minority Ethnic Groups: Experiences,Explanations and Prospects

The housing careers of minority ethnic groups is an under-researched topic. Filling this knowledge gap is important for several reasons. Increased knowledge within this field may help explain the disadvantaged position of minority ethnic groups in housing markets in cities on different continents. Policy strategies can be formulated when it is known whether minority ethnic groups have specific preferences or suffer from specific barriers in the housing market. In this introduction to this special issue on the housing careers of minority ethnic groups, attention is paid to the concept of housing career and the definition of minority ethnic groups in different countries. The focus of the main part of the paper is the identification of factors affecting the course of housing careers in general and those of minority ethnic groups in particular.     

生物质与煤混燃过程中的腐蚀及其防治措施

生物质中K和Cl的含量较高,在燃烧过程中可引起过热器受热面的严重腐蚀,限制了其在电厂中的大规模利用.生物质与煤混燃技术对上述问题有所改善,当生物质掺混比例较低时,其腐蚀机理与煤燃烧时相似,腐蚀主要是由氧化和硫化作用引起;当生物质掺混比例较高时,腐蚀主要由KCl引起,氯可穿透金属表面的保护性氧化膜,加速腐蚀.通过对生物质与煤混燃腐蚀机理的综合分析,提出了相应的防治措施:(1)加入添加剂;(2)对燃料进行预处理;(3)在金属表面喷涂耐腐蚀涂层或采用耐腐蚀钢材;(4)调整运行参数.     

Developing centrifugal spun thermally cross-linked gelatin based fibrous biomats for antibacterial wound dressing applications

Fibrous materials obtained from natural polymers, such as gelatin, have been used in medical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Herein, free-standing durable fibrous gelatin biomats with antibacterial activity were developed via a simple, low cost and fast production route, centrifugal spinning, and subsequent thermal crosslinking. After a series of preliminary experiments, droplet−/bead-free porous biomats with fine fibers, 3.41 ± 1.8 μm in diameter, were fabricated. Subsequently, antimicrobial biomats were produced by adding AgNO₃ into the production solution. X-ray diffractometer and energy dispersive X-ray results showed Ag NPs existing as AgCl in the biomats, which could be attributed to chemical reaction between the Ag NPs and residual Cl in the impure gelatin. Later, both the neat-gelatin and Ag-gelatin biomats were thermally crosslinked at 170°C to gain stability against water. Although the Ag addition reduced ultimate tensile strength by half, from 881 to 495 kPa, the crosslinked biomats were robust enough to be used for wound dressing applications. They were also found to be highly breathable, with the air permeability of 256 and 81.2 mm/s, respectively. The biomats showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results show that the free-standing fibrous-gelatin-based biomats produced is applicable for wound dressing applications.     

Effect of immunity in patients of duodenal ulcer deseases and the influence on its eradication and immunomodulational therapy in condtions rezbublic Uzbekistan

The parameters systems of immunity was analyzed in 56 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and 36 healthy persons. The suppression of T-system and its subsets, a tension of humoral link of immunity was observed in patient. The use traditional method of treatmend was not made a result to disorder of second immunodificiency in patients with DU (group 1). The usage of immunomoduline, the dose of which was 1.0-1.2 mg (in one course) at second group patients (n=24) with DU cured immune disorder, increased cell immunity, and had immunocorrection and eradication features.     

A Homogeneous PCS network with Markov Call Arrival Process and Phase Type Cell Residence Time

In this paper, the arrival of calls (i.e., new and handoff calls) in a personal communications services (PCS) network is modeled by a Markov arrival process (MAP) in which we allow correlation of the interarrival times among new calls, among handoff calls, as well as between these two kinds of calls. The PCS network consists of homogeneous cells and each cell consists of a finite number of channels. Under the conditions that both cell's residence time and the requested call holding time possess the general phase type (PH) distribution, we obtain the distribution of the channel holding times, the new call blocking probability and the handoff call failure probability. Furthermore, we prove that the cell residence time is PH distribution if and only if the new call channel holding time is PH distribution; or the handoff call channel holding time is PH distribution; or the call channel holding time is PH distribution;provided that the requested call holding time is a PH distribution and the total call arrival process is a MAP. Also, we prove that the actual call holding time of a non-blocked new call is a mixture of PH distributions. We then developed the Markov process for describing the system and found the complexity of this Markov process. Finally, two interesting measures for the network users, i.e., the duration of new call blocking period and the duration of handoff call blocking period, are introduced; their distributions and the expectations are then obtained explicitly.     

Comparative pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation of oral sustained-release theophylline formulation in adult asthmatics

A sustained-release formulation of theophylline with an innovative release mechanism was evaluated in adult asthmatics. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic behavior of this formulation was compared with a market formulation (Theobid). The formulations, each containing 200 mg of anhydrous theophylline, were evaluated in six male subjects, 40-55 years of age, 151-169 cm in height, 41-60 kg in weight, who were nonsmokers with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); the study was a randomized, single-dose, open, complete crossover study with an interval of 1 week. Written consent was obtained from the patients prior to the trial. Plasma samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hr postadministration. Pulmonary functions were simultaneously recorded using an Erich Jaeger spirometer. Plasma theophylline assays were performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Individual bioavailability parameters were obtained using the S-Inv computer program. Pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation was studied using the Excel 95 version 7.0 Regression Statistics program. The test formulation (innovator) was found to be comparable with the marketed product with respect to tmax, t1/2 and Kel (p < .05). A significant difference in the means of Cmax and AUC0-12 between the innovator and the market formulation indicated a superior extent of absorption from the innovator formulation. A good pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation was observed when plasma theophylline concentration was compared with forced expiratory volume.