Lying in everyday life.

In 2 diary studies of lying, 77 college students reported telling 2 lies a day, and 70 community members told 1. Participants told more self-centered lies than other-oriented lies, except in dyads involving only women, in which other-oriented lies were as common as self-centered ones. Participants told relatively more self-centered lies to men and relatively more other-oriented lies to women. Consistent with the view of lying as an everyday social interaction process, participants said that they did not regard their lies as serious and did not plan them much or worry about being caught. Still, social interactions in which lies were told were less pleasant and less intimate than those in which no lies were told. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The estrous cycle and estrogen modulate stress-induced analgesia.

In this article we investigate the impact of estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement on both opioid and nonopioid stress-induced analgesia. Stage of estrous strongly influenced analgesia. Diestrus females exhibited the typical male pattern produced by the analgesia inducing procedures used—strong nonopioid analgesia following 10–20 tailshocks, and strong opioid analgesia following 80–200 taskshocks. In these experiments the nonopioid analgesia was slightly attenuated during estrus, but the opioid analgesia was markedly reduced. The role of estrogen in producing these changes was studied with estrogen replacement in ovariectomized subjects. Ovariectomy only slightly altered nonopioid analgesia but eliminated opioid analgesia, which suggests that some estrogen might be necessary to maintain the integrity of the system(s) underlying opioid analgesia. Estrogen administration restored opioid analgesia, but further estrogen suppressed opioid analgesia, duplicating the estrus pattern. It did not suppress nonopioid analgesia. Opioid analgesia was enhanced 102 hr after estrogen replacement, thus duplicating the diestrus pattern. Estrogen thus appears to be responsible for the impact of estrous cycle on opioid but not on nonopioid analgesia. These results suggest that ovarian hormones may modulate the impact of stressors on endogenous pain inhibition and other stress-responsive systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Connectorless power supply for an aircraft-passenger entertainmentsystem

The authors consider an entertainment system that places small video entertainment sets at every seat for use by each passenger. Each set in the system must be provided with audio and video programming and the electrical power necessary to operate the set. Distribution of programming and power to the sets with a connector for each set would cause reliability and maintenance problems and hinder timely cabin reconfiguration. The entertainment sets can receive audio and video signals through radio-frequency transmission, but distributing power to the sets without using connectors requires a novel approach. The analysis, design, and construction of a prototype connectorless power supply that inductively couples power to the entertainment sets across an air gap is described. An equivalent-circuit model of the supply is developed, and laboratory measurements performed on the prototype are discussed. The prototype unit is shown to be a practical implementation that meets all design requirements     

Adolescents' theories of education.

315 9th graders and 272 12th graders from 2 schools were administered a questionnaire to investigate associations between views about the purposes of education and personal goals, between personal goals and perceived causes of success, and between purposes of education and perceived causes of success. Results show that Ss found a logically consistent relationship among these elements of inquiry. For example, the view that school should enable Ss to enhance their wealth and status was less likely than any other view to be associated with a commitment to learning for its own sake and more likely to be associated with academic alienation. Ss also tended to expect success to result from the types of activity they preferred and from the personal qualities they thought school should encourage. Findings raise doubts about the wisdom of the current propensity to emphasize the role of schools in the advancement of one's wealth and social status. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bridging the gap between laboratory and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy.

Meta-analyses of laboratory outcome studies reveal beneficial effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. However, the research therapy in most of those lab studies differs from everyday clinic therapy in several ways, and the 9 studies of clinic therapy the authors have found show markedly poorer outcomes than research therapy studies. These findings suggest a need to bridge the long-standing gap between outcome researchers and clinicians. Three kinds of bridging research are proposed and illustrated: (a) enriching the research data base on treatment effects by practitioners in clinical settings—including private practice and health maintenance organizations, (b) identifying features of research therapy that account for positive outcomes and applying those features to clinical practice, and (c) exporting lab-tested treatments to clinics and assessing their effects with referred youths. If these bridging strategies were widely adopted, despite the numerous obstacles described herein, real progress might be made toward more effective treatment in clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The TUPA Scale: A self-report measure for the Type A subcomponent of time urgency and perpetual activation.

A self-report measure for the Type A subcomponent of time urgency and perpetual activation (TUPA) was developed. An original pool of 137 items for measuring TUPA was created with the help of 10 Type A patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). An attempt was then made to validate these items by correlating them with interview-based ratings for TUPA while using 48 additional CHD patients. On the basis of these latter ratings, 47 items were retained for the final scale. That instrument was then cross-validated on an additional sample of 40 non-CHD Ss. The internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities for this scale, combined with validity and cross-validation data from this and previous studies, indicate the scale to be sufficiently refined for initial clinical and research use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The health belief model and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Tested the predictive utility of the health belief model for adherence with a complex, ongoing medical regimen in 56 adolescent outpatients (aged 10–19 yrs) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 3-construct model of health beliefs was tested: Threat (perceived susceptibility combined with severity), Benefits–Costs, and Cues to seek treatment. The Benefits–Costs and Cues constructs were related to compliance in the positive direction. Threat interacted with Benefits–Costs in the prediction of compliance and with Cues in the prediction of metabolic control. The greatest compliance was achieved with low perceived Threat and high perceived Benefits–Costs. Poor metabolic control was associated with high Threat and Cues. As age increased, adherence to the exercise, injection, and frequency components of the regimen decreased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of helplessness in the recovery process for sexual trauma survivors.

Discusses the important role of helplessness in the cognitive-affective process of recovery from sexual trauma, the need to view the full emotional and interpersonal life of the traumatized individual, and the substantial ways in which sexual trauma impacts self-structure. Working through helplessness allows the victim to experience rage and fear, to let go of guilt and shame, to face and grieve loss, and to incorporate the experience into more adaptive schemata of self, others, and the world. The discussion is illustrated by case studies of 2 women from a study of the process of recovery in incest survivors undergoing trauma-focused group psychotherapy. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depressive symptoms over time in women partners of men with and without alcohol problems.

In a sample of 202 adult women and their families, the authors examined the effects of their male partners' alcohol problems and antisociality, the women's alcohol problems and antisociality, family conflict, and offspring behavioral problems on the women's depressive symptoms over a 3-year period. The women's antisociality and alcohol problems were more strongly related to family conflict, offspring behavioral problems, and the women's depressive symptoms than were the men's antisociality and alcohol problems. The women's antisociality and family conflict most strongly predicted increases in the women's depressive symptoms over time. In addition, family conflict mediated the effects of maternal antisociality on the women's depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differences in distress among adult children of alcoholics.

Investigated within-group differences in psychological distress, social support, and hardiness among adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). Members of ACA support groups (21 men, 58 women) were compared to ACA college students (27 men, 40 women) not involved in such support groups. Support group members reported higher levels of psychological distress, lower levels of hardiness, and less satisfaction with perceived social support than did the college student ACAs. Support group members also reported more negative feelings, attitudes, and behaviors with regard to parental alcoholism than did the college students. For both groups, hardiness and social support were negatively correlated with psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)