Mechanistic Observation of Interactions between Macrophages and Inorganic Particles with Different Densities

Many different types of inorganic materials are processed into nano/microparticles for medical utilization. The impact of selected key characteristics of these particles, including size, shape, and surface chemistries, on biological systems, is frequently studied in clinical contexts. However, one of the most important basic characteristics of these particles, their density, is yet to be investigated. When the particles are designed for drug delivery, highly mobile macrophages are the major participants in cellular levels that process them in vivo. As such, it is essential to understand the impact of particles’ densities on the mobility of macrophages. Here, inorganic particles with different densities are applied, and their interactions with macrophages studied. A set of these particles are incubated with the macrophages and the outcomes are explored by optical microscopy. This microscopic view provides the understanding of the mechanistic interactions between particles of different densities and macrophages to conclude that the particles’ density can affect the migratory behaviors of macrophages: the higher the density of particles engulfed inside the macrophages, the less mobile the macrophages become. This work is a strong reminder that the density of particles cannot be neglected when they are designed to be utilized in biological applications.     

Investigating the inverted N-shape EKC in the presence of renewable and nuclear energy in a global sample

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - A major concern for the modern world is to deal with environmental issues without compromising on economic growth targets. Energy use from renewable...     

Effect of Silica Fume as Cementitious Material and Waste Glass as Fine Aggregate Replacement Constituent on Selected Properties of Concrete

Silicon - Carbon dioxide emissions from cement production have a significant impact on the environment. The huge energy consumption in the cement production process is also a problem. Pakistan is...     

A Novel Nanoscale SOI MOSFET by Using a P-N Junction and an Electrically Hole Free Region to Improve the Electrical Characteristics

Silicon - In this paper, a SOI MOSFET is proposed using a P-N structure and an electrically hole-free region (EHFR-SOI). In this structure, to improve the electrical characteristics such as short...