Nanovesicles Based on Mixtures of a Biantennary Glycolipid with Ionic Co‐Surfactants

A biantennary surfactant based on a synthetic C₁₆‐maltoside was chosen to prepare vesicles for a potential vesicular drug delivery system. The synthesis comprised of three stages: Initial synthesis of β‐d ‐maltose octaacetate was followed by glycosidation of 2‐hexyl‐decanol and final glycolipid deacetylation. Both α‐ and β‐anomers were prepared and their anomeric purity was evaluated by ¹H NMR. Owing to the low water solubility of the glycolipid, addition of ionic co‐surfactants was believed to promote the surfactant distribution, thus leading to smaller and more uniform vesicles. The assembly behavior of the surfactant systems was studied by contact penetration under an optical polarizing microscope, while interfacial properties were determined by surface tension measurements. Vesicles were prepared by injection of an ethanolic solution into bulk water and investigated by dynamic light scattering and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Contact of the surfactant mixtures with water indicated a high tendency to exhibit the lamellar phase and confirmed the expected low molecular solubility. These findings suggest a potential of the surfactant to form stable vesicles. Injection of an ethanolic surfactant solution into bulk water gave sub‐micrometer sized vesicles with a narrow size distribution. Application of ionic co‐surfactants reduced the vesicle size. In particular ～20 % of anionic SDS proved highly effective, lowering the vesicle size by nearly one decade, thus accessing nano‐sized vesicles. Encapsulation of a water‐soluble drug was achieved in a 76 ± 10 % efficiency.     

Homoserine Lactones,Methyl Oligohydroxybutyrates,and Other Extracellular Metabolites of Macroalgae‐Associated Bacteria of the Roseobacter Clade: Identification and Functions

Twenty‐four strains of marine Roseobacter clade bacteria were isolated from macroalgae and investigated for the production of quorum‐sensing autoinducers, N‐acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). GC/MS analysis of the extracellular metabolites allowed us to evaluate the release of other small molecules as well. Nineteen strains produced AHLs, ranging from 3‐OH‐C10:0‐HSL (homoserine lactone) to (2E,11Z)‐C18:2‐HSL, but no specific phylogenetic or ecological pattern of individual AHL occurrence was observed when cluster analysis was performed. Other identified compounds included indole, tropone, methyl esters of oligomers of 3‐hydroxybutyric acid, and various amides, such as N‐9‐hexadecenoylalanine methyl ester (9‐C16:1‐NAME), a structural analogue of AHLs. Several compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antialgal activity on marine isolates likely to occur in the habitat of the macroalgae. Both AHLs and 9‐C16:1‐NAME showed high antialgal activity against Skeletonema costatum, whereas their antibacterial activity was low.     

Fuß‐ und Radwegbrücke aus Carbonbeton in Albstadt‐Ebingen

Pedestrian bridge made from carbon‐concrete in Albstadt‐Ebingen – First entirely carbon‐reinforced concrete bridge worldwide The bridge erected in Albstadt‐Ebingen in October 2015 is realized without any steel reinforcement or pre‐tensioning, making it the world's first entirely carbon‐reinforced concrete bicycle and pedestrian‐bridge. The trough section with material thicknesses of 70 mm (trough walls) and 90 mm (slab) respectively has been fabricated as monolithic pre‐cast element. With a span length of 15 m and a width of 3 m, the bridge‐deck requires no further coating and has a total weight of just 14 tons (approximately 310 kg/m2); this is about 50 % of comparable conventional reinforced concrete bridge‐decks. Besides material and weight savings, an exceptionally long service life with minimal maintenance can be expected, as the steel corrosion that is typical in reinforced concrete structures can be entirely avoided. Since the use of carbon‐reinforced concrete (carbon concrete) is not yet approved in Germany, the client had to obtain approval based on individual cases (ZiE).     

An integrated 8-12 GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer in SiGe BiCMOS for satellite communications

We present an integrated fractional-N low-noise frequency synthesizer for satellite applications. By using two integrated VCOs and combining digital and analog tuning techniques, a PLL lock range from 8 to 12 GHz is achieved. Due to a small VCO fine tuning gain and optimized charge pump output biasing, the phase noise is low and almost constant over the tuning range. All 16 sub-bands show a tuning range above 900 MHz each, allowing temperature compensation without sub-band switching. This makes the synthesizer robust against variations of the device parameters with process, supply voltage, temperature and aging. The measured phase noise is ?87 dBc/Hz and ?106 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and 1 MHz offset, respectively. In integer-N mode, phase noise values down to ?98 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and ?111 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, respectively, were measured.     

Strategien zum Schließen der Stoffkreisläufe beim Recycling von Fluorpolymeren

In fluoropolymers, a large portion or even all of the hydrogen atoms in a polymer chain are replaced by fluorine, which results in a number of special properties such as high chemical and temperature resistance. As a result of this combination of properties, these high-performance polymers are not replaceable, or only with difficulty, for some applications. The recycling of polymers and the associated closing of material loops is an essential development task for the entire polymer industry. Materials such as fluoropolymers have a special position due to their chemical composition and their low market volume, as they cannot be recycled together with other bulk polymers at the end of their life cycle. This paper discusses different processes in terms of their technical maturity and suitability to allow fluoropolymers to be fully recycled.     

Uptake of Cm(III) and Eu(III) by calcium silicate hydrates: a solution chemistry and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy study

The interaction of the two chemical homologues [Cm(III) and Eu(III)] with calcium silicate hydrates (CSH phases) at pH 13.3 has been investigated in batch-type sorption studies using Eu(III) and complemented with time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) using Cm(III). The sorption data for Eu(III) reveal fast sorption kinetics and a strong uptake by CSH phases with distribution ratios of (6 +/- 3) x 10(5) L kg(-1). Three different Cm(III) species have been identified: A nonfluorescing species, which was identified as a curium hydroxide (surface) precipitate, and two fluorescing Cm(III)/CSH-sorbed species. The fluorescing sorbed species have characteristic emission spectra with main peak maxima at 618.9 and 620.9 nm and fluorescence emission lifetimes of 289 +/- 11 and 1482 +/- 200 micros, respectively. From the fluorescence lifetimes, it was calculated that the two fluorescing Cm(III) species have one or two and no water molecules left in their first coordination sphere, suggesting that these species are incorporated into the CSH structure. A structural model for Cm(III) and Eu(III) incorporation into CSH phases is proposed based on the substitution for Ca at two different types of sites in the CSH structure.     

Fate of the glucose degradation products 3-deoxyglucosone and glyoxal during peritoneal dialysis

Conventional fluids for peritoneal dialysis (PD) contain reactive glucose degradation products (GDPs) as a result of glucose breakdown during heat-sterilization. GDPs in PD fluids (PDFs) have been associated with the progressive alteration of the peritoneal membrane during long-term PD by cytotoxic effects and formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In this study, we investigated the possible fate of two characteristic GDPs, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and glyoxal, during PD. In vivo, 3-DG and glyoxal concentrations, which were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), decreased in PDFs by 78% and 88% during 4 h of dwell time. The PDFs were then incubated in vitro in the presence of the most important reaction partners of GDPs in the peritoneal cavity. Neither human peritoneal mesothelial cells, human peritoneal fibroblasts, soluble protein, an insoluble collagen surface, nor components of spent dialysate led to a significant reduction of 3-DG or glyoxal after 6 h. Only after long-term incubation, a noticeable decrease of 3-DG was observed (-37% after three weeks), more likely due to spontaneous degradation reaction than formation of advanced glycation endproducts. These results suggest that in the course of PD, 3-DG, and glyoxal are absorbed into the organism and thus might contribute to the systemic pool of reactive carbonyl compounds.     

机床的营销

在市场竞争中获取成功，不仅取决于技术，也取决于持续的市场营销策略及其实施。从客户的层面出发，可以看到世界范围内机床需求的日益增长，而其重点在亚洲，所以DMG公司视其为最重要的市场。