Structural classification and similarity measurement of malware

This paper proposes a new lightweight method that utilizes the growing hierarchical self‐organizing map (GHSOM) for malware detection and structural classification. It also shows a new method for measuring the structural similarity between classes. A dynamic link library (DLL) file is an executable file used in the Windows operating system that allows applications to share codes and other resources to perform particular tasks. In this paper, we classify different malware by the data mining of the DLL files used by the malware. Since the malware families are evolving quickly, they present many new problems, such as how to link them to other existing malware families. The experiment shows that our GHSOM‐based structural classification can solve these issues and generate a malware classification tree according to the similarity of malware families. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Characteristics of aerosol optical properties in pollution and Asian dust episodes over Beijing, China

Aerosol optical properties were continuously measured with the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) compact Raman lidar over Beijing, China, from 15 to 31 December 2007. The results indicated that in a moderate pollution episode, the averaged aerosol extinction below 1 km height was 0.39+/-0.15 km(-1) and the lidar ratio was 60.8+/-13.5 sr; in heavy pollution episode, they were 1.97+/-0.91 km(-1) and 43.7+/-8.3 sr; in an Asian dust episode, they were 0.33+/-0.11 km(-1) and 38.3+/-9.8 sr. The total depolarization ratio was mostly below 10% in the pollution episode, whereas it was larger than 20% in the Asian dust episode. The distinct characteristics of aerosol optical properties in moderate and heavy pollution episodes were attributed to the difference in air mass trajectory and the ambient atmospheric conditions such as relative humidity.     

TEM and HAADF-STEM study of the structure of Au nano-particles on CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The structure and growth process of Au particles on CeO₂ were observed by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with the high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) system. The growth of Au particles on CeO₂ was shown to be mainly Ostwald ripening under heating at various temperatures, although it is suppressed in the hydrogen atmosphere. In the HAADF-STEM observation of Au/CeO₂ interfaces with the orientation relationship of (111)[1–10]Au//(111)[1–10]CeO₂, (111)[−110]Au//(111)[1–10]CeO₂ and atomic columns of Au and Ce were successfully resolved, and the interface structure was analyzed in details for the first time.     

Star-Shaped Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) Using by Reactive Bromoethyl Group Modified Calix[4]resorcinarene as a Macrocyclic Initiator

Summary Star-shaped poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (POZO) was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline from a novel calix[4]resorcinarene with reactive bromoethyl groups (8Br-CX4) as an initiator. The core-first method, which uses an active multifunctional core to initiate growth of polymer chains, was applied for synthesis of star-shaped POZO based on 8Br-CX4. The obtained star-shaped POZOs were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR and DSC. From ¹H NMR, DLS and fluorescence measurements, the star-shaped POZOs formed nanometer scale micelles in aqueous media composed of hydrophobic calix[4]resorcinarene moieties and hydrophilic POZO groups.     

Cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of cellulose I-ethylenediamine complex

Complete assignments of the cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the cellulose I-ethylenediamine (EDA) complex, which is the intermediate of the reaction from cellulose I to cellulose III(I), were performed. In this paper, we used the 13C-enriched cellulose that was biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC10245 strain from culture medium containing D-(2-13C), D-(3-13C), or D-(5-13C)glucose as a carbon source. After conversion into cellulose I-EDA complex by sufficient EDA treatment, the CP/MAS 13C NMR spectra of the 13C-enriched cellulose I-EDA complexes were measured. As a result, 13C resonance lines of each carbon of the cellulose moiety in the complex appeared as a singlet, suggesting that all glucose residues of the complex are magnetically equivalent. The difference in chemical shifts for each carbon between cellulose I-EDA and cellulose I(alpha), I(beta), and III(I), respectively, suggests that the conformation of the cellulose chains for cellulose I-EDA differs from that for cellulose I(alpha), I(beta), and III(I). In addition, fitting analysis of the 13C spectrum of Valonia cellulose I-EDA complex revealed that the complex contains one EDA molecule per two glucose residues in the cellulose chain.     

Development of free vibration analysis algorithm for beam structures by combining Sylvester’s inertia theorem and transfer stiffness coefficient method

A new free vibration analysis method, which is called the Sylvester-transfer stiffness coefficient method (S-TSCM), is developed by combining Sylvester’s inertia theorem and the transfer stiffness coefficient method. In this paper, the free vibration analysis algorithm of a straight-line beam structure is formulated by S-TSCM. From the computation results of the free vibration analysis for the three types of beam structures, we confirm that S-TSCM is a very effective method. In particular, S-TSCM is superior to both the transfer stiffness coefficient method and the transfer matrix method in terms of computational accuracy and time. In the free vibration analysis for the beam structure with a large number of degrees-of-freedom, S-TSCM is superior to the finite element method in terms of computational time and storage.     

Nanoadhesion layer for enhanced Si–Si and Si–SiN wafer bonding

Direct wafer bonding of Si–Si and Si–SiN wafers was demonstrated using a nanoadhesion layer at room temperature. The two mating surfaces were cleaned by an Ar-ion beam and simultaneously deposited with ultrathin Fe layers (known as nanoadhesion layers). The ultrathin Fe layers imparted high bond strengths to Si–Si and Si–SiN bonds without heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Si–Si and Si–SiN interfaces were tightly bonded and defect free. Moreover, the formation of crystalline iron silicide across the interface was found to enhance Si–Si wafer bonding. In addition to FeSi, an amorphous layer formed at the Si–SiN interface, resulting in a high bond strength at room temperature.     

Stacking Order Induced Anion Redox Regulation for Layer-Structured Na0.75Li0.2Mn0.7Cu0.1O2 Cathode Materials

Stacking order plays a key role in defining the electrochemical behavior and structural stability of layer-structured cathode materials. However, the detailed effects of stacking order on anionic redox in layer-structured cathode materials have not been investigated specifically and are still unrevealed. Herein, two layered cathodes with the same chemical formula but different stacking orders: P2-Na_0.75Li_0.2Mn_0.7Cu_0.1O₂ (P2-LMC) and P3-Na_0.75Li_0.2Mn_0.7Cu_0.1O₂ (P3-LMC) are compared. It is found that P3 stacking order is beneficial to improve the oxygen redox reversibility compared with P2 stacking order. By using synchrotron hard and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopies, three redox couples of Cu²⁺/Cu³⁺, Mn^3.5+/Mn⁴⁺, and O²⁻/O⁻ are revealed to contribute charge compensation in P3 structure simultaneously, and two redox couples of Cu²⁺/Cu³⁺ and O²⁻/O⁻ are more reversible than those in P2-LMC due to the higher electronic densities in Cu 3d and O 2p orbitals in P3-LMC. In situ X-ray diffraction reveals that P3-LMC exhibits higher structural reversibility during charge and discharge than P2-LMC, even at 5C rate. As a result, P3-LMC delivers a high reversible capacity of 190.3 mAh g⁻¹ and capacity retention of 125.7 mAh g⁻¹ over 100 cycles. These findings provide new insight into oxygen-redox-involved layered cathode materials for SIBs.