Effects of difficulty and diagnosticity on choice among tasks in relation to achievement motivation and perceived ability.

Replicated Y. Trope's (see record 1976-09902-001) study, by investigating the effects of 2 person characteristics (achievement motivation and perceived own ability) and 2 task characteristics (difficulty and diagnostic value about own ability) on choice among achievement tasks. Ss were 104 male high school students. In accordance with the results of Trope, it was found that high-diagnostic tasks were preferred to low-diagnostic tasks, independent of their difficulty. Trope's finding that high resultant achievers choose high-diagnostic tasks over low-diagnostic tasks to a greater extent than low resultant achievers was not replicated. The perceived degree of own ability affected choice behavior: When easy and difficult tasks were both high in diagnosticity, Ss high in perceived ability preferred difficult over easy tasks, whereas Ss low in perceived ability preferred easy over difficult tasks. It is concluded that a self-informational conception of choice behavior has to include the subjective probability of success at tasks as a determinant of choice, in addition to objective difficulty and diagnostic value. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Describing and facilitating effective supervision behavior in counseling trainees.

Counseling trainees often do not receive formal assistance in assuming the role of supervisee. What constitutes effective trainee behavior within the context of supervision, as opposed to the clinical context, also has received little empirical attention. A national sample of 176 participants (145 supervisees, 31 supervisors) affiliated with counseling psychology or counseling center internship programs rated the importance of 52 behaviors/characteristics (Supervision Utilization Rating Form; SURF) to the effective use of supervision at specific developmental training levels. Supervisors and supervisees applied ratings from important to extremely important to all items. Statistically significant differences between supervisor and supervisee ratings were noted on 6 items. The development of the SURF and its potential uses in supervisee role induction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Zusammensetzung der gel?sten Polysaccharide von Fruchts?ften

Zusammenfassung Nach der im 1. Teil für Orangensaft beschriebenen Arbeitsweise untersuchte man Gehalt und Zusammensetzung der gelösten Polysaccharide in weiteren Fruchtsäften (Ananas, Apfel, Maracuja, Trauben), Fruchtpürees (Aprikose, Johannisbeere, Pfirsich) und Muttersäften (Johannisbeere, Sauerkirsche). Die Analyse ergab zwar jeweils dieselben Bausteine von Zuckern und Uronsäuren, aber auch charakteristische Unterschiede in der prozentualen Zusammensetzung je nach Fruchtart und Verarbeitung. Das Muster der unvergärbaren Fruchtsaft-Bestandteile ergab außerdem die Möglichkeit, Orangensaft in Maracujasaft über Chinasäure, Aldoheptulosen und den Gehalt an Inosit nachzuweisen.

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The composition of soluble polysaccharides in fruit juicesII. Other juices

Summary The analytical procedure described for orange juice in part I has been applied for determining the composition of soluble polysaccharides in fruit juices (apple, grape, maracuja, pineapple), fruit purées (apricot, black und red currant, peach) and concentrated fruit juices (black and red currant, sour cherry). The polysaccharides were composed of the same sugar and uronic acid units but showed characteristic differences in the percentages according to the kind of fruit and the processing conditions. Also the pattern of juice components in the fraction which is non fermentable by baker's yeast showed that quinic acid, aldoheptuloses, and an elevated content of inositol will indicate the presence of orange juice in maracuja juice.

     

The Effect of Bi Contamination on the Solidification Behavior of Sn-Pb Solders

This paper presents experimental results and theoretical calculations that evaluate the effects of Bi contamination on the solidification behavior of Sn-Pb alloys. The pasty (mushy) range, the type of solidification path, and the microstructure of the solidified alloys are described. The experimental results are obtained from thermal analysis and metallography, and the solidification calculations are performed using the lever rule and Scheil assumptions. The experimental results show that the solidification behavior of the contaminated solder at cooling rates of 5°C/min and 23°C/min is closer to the predictions of the lever rule calculations than those of the Scheil calculations. Although the freezing range of Bi-contaminated Sn-Pb solders is increased, formation of a ternary eutectic reaction at 95°C is not observed for contamination levels below the Bi mass fraction of 6%.     

Zusammenhänge zwischen Glasübergang,thermodynamischen und mechanischen Größen als Möglichkeit zur Voraussage über Materialeigenschaften aus der chemischen Struktur

In a recent paper the calculation of the glass transition temperature T_g of linear and crosslinked polymers from the cohesive energy E_coh normalized to the number of structural elements \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\sum\limits_{\rm i} {{\rm a}_{\rm i} } $\end{document} capable of rather independent motions was described. In addition to this work, linear relations were found between T_g and the normalized molar heat C_p as well as the normalized molecular weight MW_Seg of the repeating unit. Hence linear correlations follow between C_p, E_coh, and MW_Seg without further normalization. So the cohesive energy, which is difficult to measure, may be determined from experimental values of the molar heat or even Tg. By applying the above mentioned relations a connection of thermodynamicquantities with mechanical properties was found, e. g. the ratio of specific cohesiveenergy vs. density with the torsional modulus or the yield strength of crosslinkedepoxide resins at 298 K.     

Remote sensing of vegetation dynamics in West Africa

Vegetation dynamics and the lives of millions of people in West Africa are closely interlinked with each other. The high annual variability of the phenological cycle considerably affects the agricultural population with late rainfalls and droughts, often resulting in serious food crises. On the other hand, the rapidly growing population has a great need for space due to expanding cities and a low agricultural efficiency. This situation, together with a changing climate, has had a strong impact on vegetation dynamics in West Africa and will play a major role in the future. The dynamic nature of vegetation in the region has attracted a lot of remote-sensing-based research in the past 30 years and has lead to heated discussions. This review article gives a comprehensive overview of the studies on remotely sensed vegetation dynamics in West Africa. After an introduction to the specific situation for vegetation dynamics in West Africa, the applied sensors and their suitability for the region are outlined. Research on the assessment of different plant parameters, on phenological metrics as well as on the monitoring of agricultural areas is outlined and discussed. Furthermore, a major part of this review is dedicated to the analyses undertaken to assess vegetation trends in West Africa over the past 30 years and their potential human and climatic causes. Finally, identified research gaps and challenges for future studies are discussed.     

Bitter-tasting monoglycerides from stored oat flour

Summary From stored ground oat grains with bitter taste a mixture containing 9-hydroxy-trans, cis-10,12-octadecadienoic-1-monoglyceride and 13-hydroxycis,trans-9,11-octadecadienoic-1-monoglyceride was isolated. To prove the structure both compounds were prepared. The threshold for bitter taste of the monoglycerides (1.1–2.2 mol/ml) is lower than that of the free 13-hydroxy-cis, trans-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (7.6–8.5 mol/ml). The corresponding 13-hydroperoxy linoleic acid is not bitter.

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Monoglyceride mit Bittergeschmack aus gelagertem Hafermehl

Zusammenfassung Aus gemahlenem Hafer, der bei der Lagerung bitter geworden war, wurde ein Gemisch bestehend aus dem 9-Hydroxy-trans, cis-10,12-octadecadien-1-monoglycerid und dem 13-Hydroxy-cis,trans-9,11-octadecadien-1-monoglycerid isoliert. Zum Beweis der Struktur wurden die Verbindungen synthetisiert. Die Schwelle für Bittergeschmack der Monoglyceride (1,1–2,2 mol/ml) ist niedriger als die der freien 13-Hydroxy-cis,trans-9,11-octadecadiensäure (7,6–8,5 mol/ml). Die entsprechende 13-Hydroperoxylinolsäure schmeckt nicht bitter.