On a scenario assessment tool for the operation of the JT-60SA superconducting tokamak

JT-60SA is a superconducting tokamak to be assembled and operated at the JAEA laboratories in Naka (Japan). The tokamak is designed, manufactured and operated under the funding of the Broader Approach Agreement (between the government of Japan and the European Commission) and of the Japan Fusion National Programme; JT-60SA aims to prepare, support and complement the ITER experimental programme. The European contribution to the JT-60SA is, for a large fraction, procured by France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Belgium.This paper summarizes the activities carried out at F4E to develop a user-friendly software tool able to assess in real-time if an operational scenario could be structurally withstood by the magnet system of JT-60SA. Such tool is based on a theoretical formulation which is supported by a series of dedicated finite element method (FEM) calculations, and is able to provide a comparative assessment of any candidate scenario with respect to the baseline scenarios, and a quantitative assessment of all electro magnetic (EM) forces acting on the magnet system at any time during the candidate scenario. The tool as it is presented is specifically designed to be used for the JT-60SA tokamak, though it is designed so to that its usage could be extended easily to any other tokamak.     

Upgrading the data acquisition and control systems of the European Breeding Blanket Test Facility

The EBBTF (European Breeding Blanket Test Facility) experimental plant is a key component for the development of the breeding blankets (TBMs test blanket modules, HCLL helium cooled lithium lead and HCPB helium cooled pebble bed types) used by ITER. EBBTF is an experimental plant which provides the double breeding/cooling loops (liquid metal and gas) required for HCLL testing. EBBTF is composed of four subsystems (TBM, IELLLO integrated European lead lithium loop, HE-FUS3 helium fusion loop, version 3 and helium compressor build by ATEKO) with dedicated control systems realized with hardware/software combinations covering 15 years (1995–2010) time span. At the end of 2010 we began to upgrade the HE-FUS3 data acquisition control systems (DACS) replacing the obsolete PLC Siemens S5 with National Instruments Compact FieldPoint and LabVIEW. The control room has been completely reorganized using high resolution monitors and workstations linked with standard Ethernet interfaces. The data acquisition, control, safety and SCADA software has been completely developed in ENEA using LabVIEW. In this paper we are going to discuss the technical difficulties and the solutions that we have used to accomplish the upgrade.     

Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase from the Cold Adapted Microorganism Psychromonas ingrahamii: A Low Temperature Active Enzyme with Broad Substrate Specificity

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase from the psychrophilic microorganism Psychromonas ingrahamii was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a His-tag fusion protein. The enzyme was characterized with respect to its spectroscopic, catalytic, and thermodynamic properties. The properties of the psychrophilic enzyme have been contrasted with the characteristics of the homologous counterpart from E. coli, which has been structurally and functionally characterized in depth and with which it shares 75% sequence identity. Spectroscopic measures confirmed that the psychrophilic enzyme displays structural properties almost identical to those of the mesophilic counterpart. At variance, the P. ingrahamii enzyme showed decreased thermostability and high specific activity at low temperature, both of which are typical features of cold adapted enzymes. Furthermore, it was a more efficient biocatalyst compared to E. coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) particularly for side reactions. Many β-hydroxy-α-amino acids are SHMT substrates and represent important compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and food additives. Thanks to these attractive properties, this enzyme could have a significant potential for biotechnological applications.     

Advances in cultivar choice,hazelnut orchard management,and nut storage to enhance product quality and safety: an overview

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a major species of interest for nutritional use within the Betulaceae family and its nuts are widely used throughout the world in the chocolate, confectionery, and bakery industries. Recently its cultivation has been expanded in traditional producer countries and established in new places in the southern hemisphere, including Chile, South Africa, and Australia. Introducing hazelnut in new environments could reduce its productivity, lead the trees to experience eco‐physiological disorders, and expose the crop to high pressure from common and new pests and diseases. Thus, new approaches in cultivar choice guidance, in the sustainable orchard management and even in nut storage and kernel quality evaluation are urgently required to improve the hazelnut production and processing chain. The main objective of this study was to systematize the published information regarding recent findings about the cultural operations that directly influence nut and kernel quality, support varietal choice for new plantations, and list the recent advances in nut storage and in quality and safety evaluation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Multiphoton molecular photorelease in click-chemistry-functionalized gold nanoparticles

Yellow-green controlled photorelease: probes click-linked to peptide-coated gold nanospheres by a triazole ring can be released in living cells under a focused 561 nm laser at low power. Photocleaving follows a three-photon event stimulated by the excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance.     

NK Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Their Therapeutic Implications

Key features of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are defects in the immune system and the ability of leukemic cells to evade immune defenses and induce immunosuppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections and disease progression. Several immune effectors are impaired in CLL, including T and natural killer (NK) cells. The role of T cells in defense against CLL and in CLL progression and immunotherapy has been extensively studied. Less is known about the role of NK cells in this leukemia, and data on NK cell alterations in CLL are contrasting. Besides studies showing that NK cells have intrinsic defects in CLL, there is a large body of evidence indicating that NK cell dysfunctions in CLL mainly depend on the escape mechanisms employed by leukemic cells. In keeping, it has been shown that NK cell functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can be retained and/or restored after adequate stimulation. Therefore, due to their preserved ADCC function and the reversibility of CLL-related dysfunctions, NK cells are an attractive source for novel immunotherapeutic strategies in this disease, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy. Recently, satisfying clinical responses have been obtained in CLL patients using cord blood-derived CAR-NK cells, opening new possibilities for further exploring NK cells in the immunotherapy of CLL. However, notwithstanding the promising results of this clinical trial, more evidence is needed to fully understand whether and in which CLL cases NK cell-based immunotherapy may represent a valid, alternative/additional therapeutic option for this leukemia. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about phenotypic and functional alterations of NK cells in CLL and the mechanisms by which CLL cells circumvent NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Additionally, we discuss the potential relevance of using NK cells in CLL immunotherapy.     

Application of the Shvo catalyst in homogeneous hydrogenation of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis of white poplar: New mild upgrading conditions

Upgrading of bio-oils obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomasses requires the development of efficient catalysts able to work under mild conditions and to cope with the complex chemical nature of the reactant. The present work focuses on the use of the ruthenium based Shvo homogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of model mixtures (vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, methylacetophenone, glycolaldehyde, acetol, acetic acid) and of a real bio-oil. The hydrogenation of model compounds has been investigated both in mono- and biphasic mixtures under a P(H₂) = 10 atm in the temperature range of 90-145 °C varying the substrate to catalyst molar ratio from 2000:1 to 200:1. Employing the most active reaction conditions (substrate/catalyst 200:1, T = 145 °C, P(H₂) = 10 atm) the Shvo catalyst maintains its performances under acidic “bio-oil conditions” leading to the almost quantitative conversion of the polar double bonds within 1 h. The activity of the Shvo catalyst was also investigated for the hydrogenation of a bio-oil from poplar in solvent free conditions. Hydrogenation deeply changed the chemical nature of the pyrolysis oil. Aldehydes, ketones and non-aromatic double bonds were almost totally hydrogenated. The catalytic system also promoted the hydrolysis of sugar oligomers into monomers.     

Non-Covalent Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticle–Heparin Hybrid Systems: A New Approach to Bioactive Nanoparticles

Heparin has been conjugated to Fe₃O₄, Co₃O₄, and NiO nanoparticles (NPs) through electrostatic interactions, producing colloidal suspensions of hybrid metal oxide heparin NPs that are stable in water. Negative zeta potentials and retention of heparin’s ability to capture toluidine blue indicate that heparin’s negative charges are exposed on the surface of the coated NPs. IR results confirmed the formation of nanohybrids as did NMR experiments, which were also interpreted on the basis of toluidine blue tests. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the heparin coating does not modify the shape or dimension of the NPs. Dynamic light scattering and negative zeta potential measurements confirmed that heparin surface functionalisation is an effective strategy to prevent NP aggregation.     

In situ growth of well-dispersed CdS nanocrystals in semiconducting polymers

A straight synthetic route to fabricate hybrid nanocomposite films of well-dispersed CdS nanocrystals (NCs) in poly[2-methoxy-5-(2''-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) is reported. A soluble cadmium complex [Cd(SBz)₂]₂·MI, obtained by incorporating a Lewis base (1-methylimidazole, MI) on the cadmium bis(benzyl)thiol, is used as starting reagent in an in situ thermolytic process. CdS NCs with spherical shape nucleate and grow well below 200°C in a relatively short time (30 min). Photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements performed on CdS/MEH-PPV nanocomposites show that CdS photoluminescence peaks are totally quenched inside MEH-PPV, if compared to CdS/PMMA nanocomposites, as expected due to overlapping of the polymer absorption and CdS emission spectra. The CdS NCs are well-dispersed in size and homogeneously distributed within MEH-PPV matrix as proved by transmission electron microscopy. Nanocomposites with different precursor/polymer weight ratios were prepared in the range from 1:4 to 4:1. Highly dense materials, without NCs clustering, were obtained for a weight/weight ratio of 2:3 between precursor and polymer, making these nanocomposites particularly suitable for optoelectronic and solar energy conversion applications.