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41.
Transparent ultra-long-haul DWDM networks with "broadcast-and-select" OADM/OXC architecture 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Vasilyev M. Tomkos I. Mehendale M. Rhee J.-K. Kobyakov A. Ajgaonkar M. Tsuda S. Sharma M. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2003,21(11):2661-2672
We describe an experimental realization of ultra-long-haul (ULH) networks with dynamically reconfigurable transparent optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) and optical cross-connects (OXCs). A simple new approach to dispersion management in ULH dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) transparent optical networks is proposed and implemented, which enables excellent transmission performance while avoiding dispersion compensation on a connection-by-connection basis. We demonstrate "broadcast-and-select" node architectures that take full advantage of this method. Our implementation of signal leveling ensures minimum variations of path-averaged power among the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) channels between the dynamic gain-equalizing nodes and results in uniform nonlinear and spontaneous-emission penalties across the WDM spectrum. We achieve 80/spl times/10.7-Gb/s DWDM networking over 4160 km (52 spans/spl times/80 km each) of all-Raman-amplified symmetric dispersion-managed fiber and 13 concatenated OADMs or 320/spl times/320 wavelength-port OXCs with 320-km node spacing. The WDM channels use 50-GHz grid in C band and the simple nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format. The measured Q values exhibit more than a 1.8-dB margin over the forward-error correction threshold for 10/sup -15/ bit-error-rate operation. We compare these results with point-to-point transmission of 80/spl times/10-Gb/s NRZ WDM signals over 4160 km without OADM/OXC and provide detailed characterization of penalties due to optical signal-to-noise-ratio degradation, filter concatenation, and crosstalk. 相似文献
42.
This paper reports a method to produce networks of crystalline gallium oxide comprised of one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Because of the unique arrangement of wires, these crystalline networks are termed as ‘nanowebs’. Nanowebs are of great technological interest since they contain wire densities of the order of 109 cm–2. A possible mechanism for the fast self‐assembly of crystalline metal oxide nanowires involves multiple nucleation and coalescence via oxidation–reduction reactions at the molecular level. The preferential growth of nanowires parallel to the substrate enabled them to coalesce into regular polygonal networks. The individual segments of the polygonal network consist of both nanowires and nanotubules of β‐gallium oxide. Individual wire properties contribute to a nanoweb’s overall capacity and the implications for devices based on nanowebs are expected to be enormous. 相似文献
43.
Animesh Chakrabarti Man Mohan Sharma 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(12):1251-1253
Anhydrous esterification of myristic acid with propylene was carried out in the temperature range of 110–145°C and pressure
from 190–195 psig in the presence of Amberlyst-15 (cation exchange resin) and Filtrol-24 (acid-treated clay) as catalysts.
The product ester, isopropyl myristate finds use in cosmetic and topical medicinal preparations where good absorption through
the skin is desired. Filtrol-24 is the catalyst of choice, and the recommended operating temperature is 130°C with a pressure
of 190 psig. 相似文献
44.
In the modeling of the gas metal-arc (GMA) welding process, heat inputs to the workpiece by the arc and the metal transfers
have been considered separately. The heat energy delivered due to the metal transfer has been approximated in the form of
a cylindrical volumetric heat source, whose dimensions of the radius and the height are dependent on the molten metal droplet
characteristics. The pinch instability theory (PIT) and the static force balance theory (SFBT) of drop detachment have independently
been used to obtain the expressions for various characteristics of the drop,i.e., the drop radius, the drop velocity, and the drop frequency at various welding parameters. The occurrence or the nonoccurrence
of finger penetration, routinely found in the GMA welding at high welding currents, has been satisfactorily explained by the
cylindrical heat source model. The effect of various welding parameters,e.g., the welding current, the wire radiusetc., on the weld bead penetration characteristics has been investigated. In this modeling effort, the heat conduction equation
has been solved in three dimensions. 相似文献
45.
In the present work Taguchi's approach has been applied to the V-process castings of Al-11 per cent Si alloy to acertain the most influential control factors which will provide better and consistent surface finish to the castings regardless of the noise factors present. The control factors of the V-process that may affect the quality of the castings are the molding sand, vibration frequency, vibrating time, degree of vacuum imposed, and pouring temperature. In order to understand how these factors affect the surface roughness of the V-process castings, response surface methodology has been applied, and to obtain the optimal setting of the control factors Taguchi's method has been used. It is found that the pouring temperature has a significant effect on the surface roughness of Al-11 per cent Si alloy castings made by a V-process. Thus the pouring temperature must be kept at the lower level. All other factors are insignificant. Therefore, any setting of the insignificant factors/variables that give the minimum cost can be used. 相似文献
46.
47.
48.
S Kasiviswanathan P S Asoka Kumar B K Mathur K L Chopra 《Bulletin of Materials Science》1996,19(2):411-416
Surface structure of thin silver films (200 Å) on two technologically important films, indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium oxide, has been studied using scanning tunneling microscope. ITO films were prepared by reactive electron beam evaporation. Aluminium oxide films were prepared by oxidizing 2000 Å thick aluminium films evaporated on to H2 terminated single crystal silicon substrates. The surface structure of silver on ITO and aluminium oxide appeared to be same and was characteristic of Stranski-Krastanov type. The observed asymmetry in the island shape was attributed to the anisotropic nature of the strain fields surrounding the nucleation centres. 相似文献
49.
50.
19950405 Our investigation on the rheological aspects such as gelling time, specific density, fluidity, viscosity and surface tension of the sol derived from titanium-tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP), water and isopropanol (i-PrOH) has been reviewed in the presence of n,n-dimethylaniline (DMA) as a drying control chemical agent (DCCA). Dry gels derived from DMA stabilized sol were found to be crack free with a larger surface area. The titania gel monolith obtained in the presence of DMA could be processed into rutile at much lower temperatures. 相似文献