氢氧化铝含量对硅橡胶结构及憎水恢复性的影响

氢氧化铝(ATH)作为阻燃剂是复合绝缘子硅橡胶的基本原料。为研究ATH含量对硅橡胶结构和憎水恢复性的影响,炼制ATH质量分数分别为40%、45%、50%和55%的硅橡胶试样,对试样进行正电子寿命谱、邵氏硬度测试,及5 min Ar等离子体老化实验。结果表明:ATH质量分数从40%增加到55%时,次长寿命强度I3从7.8%下降到6.1%,而最长寿命强度I4从24.8%锐减至18.6%。随ATH质量分数增加,硅橡胶中2种自由体积的尺寸基本不变;但ATH颗粒容易发生团聚,这些颗粒占据了分子链运动空间,限制了大分子链的运动,使得大尺寸自由体积数量减少,特别是使大尺寸孔洞的数量锐减。邵氏硬度随ATH质量分数增大而变大,说明样品由弹性体朝无机体转变。经相同等离子体处理时间后,硅橡胶憎水恢复速度随ATH质量分数增加而减慢,结合正电子湮没寿命结果可知,ATH的加入限制了体系内硅橡胶分子链的运动,自由体积数量减少,使得小分子输送通道变少。     

基于MATLAB的管壳式换热器换热特性仿真

以电站中常见的管壳式换热器为研究对象,并对其进行了数学建模。利用MATLAB软件中提供的SIMULINK组件,对换热器的动态特性进行模拟。根据模拟结果,得出了冷物流和热物流的进口温度出现不同的阶跃扰动时,冷热物流出口温度的变化曲线,从而达到预先判断设备运行状态和控制性能的目的。     

基于模块化多电平变换器的负序电流补偿系统研究

针对三相负载不平衡引起的负序电流,提出了基于模块化多电平变换器MMC(modular multilevel converter)进行补偿的方案,讨论了其工作特性,提出了相应的控制策略。首先,通过把三相不平衡负载等效为平衡负载的方法,推导出对补偿系统控制的基本要求,明确了补偿的基本原理;然后,分析了补偿系统输入功率特性,提出了MMC用于负序补偿时的等效模型,并分析了环流及电容电压的波动特性,指出三相电容电压之和必定存在二次谐波波动;引入正负序坐标系分离控制的控制策略;最后通过仿真和实验验证了文中提出的结论和控制策略。     

Influences of pre‐ordered melt structures on the crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene with different stereo‐defect distribution

As part of continuous efforts to understand the surprising synergetic effect between β‐nucleating agent and pre‐ordered structures of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in significant enhancement of β‐crystallization (Ordered Structure Effect, OSE), two β‐nucleated iPP with different uniformities of stereo‐defect distribution (WPP‐A and WPP‐B) were prepared, their crystallization behaviors with variation of melt structures were studied in detail. The results revealed that β‐phase can hardly form in WPP‐A (whose stereo‐defect distribution is less uniform) because of its strong tendency of α‐nucleation caused by its less uniform stereo‐defect distribution, while WPP‐B is more favorable for β‐crystallization; As fusion temperature decreases, similar variation trends of crystallization temperature and β‐phase proportion can be observed from WPP‐A and WPP‐B, indicating the occurrence of OSE behavior, which provides unsurpassed β‐nucleation efficiency and induces β‐crystallization even in WPP‐A which is less favorable for β‐crystallization; moreover, the upper and lower limiting temperatures of Region II of WPP‐A and WPP‐B are identical, suggesting the uniformity of stereo‐defect distribution has little influence on temperature window for OSE (denoted as Region II). To explore the physical nature of Region II, self‐nucleation behavior and equilibrium melting temperature of PP‐A and PP‐B were studied. The lower limiting temperatures of exclusive self‐nucleation domain of both PP‐A and PP‐B are identical with the lower limiting temperatures of Region II in OSE (168°C); moreover, the T_m⁰ of both PP‐A and PP‐B are close to their upper limiting temperatures of Region II in OSE behavior (189°C). The possible explanation was proposed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42632.     

基于实时气象信息的电网灾害预警分析

气象信息作为电网系统中的独立部分,没有与电网GIS结合。当气象灾害发生时,由于未能及时有效地预警,无法提前预知气象灾害对电网设备的影响,只能在气象灾害发生后采取对应措施,影响了电网的可靠供电。在电网GIS中对电网资源和气象数据进行格网化表达,能够直观展示电网资源受气象变化影响后的空间分布及山东省内不同区域的分布规律,还能够在时间上形成以格网为基础的数据系列,便于实时分析气象数据对电网设备的影响。     

Solid‐State Conversion of Single Crystals: The Principle and the State‐of‐the‐Art

Solid‐state conversion of single crystals from polycrystalline materials has the advantages of cost‐effectiveness, chemical homogeneity, and versatility over the conventional melt growth and solution growth methods, particularly for systems with high melting points, incongruent melting, high reactivity (volatility), and phase transformations at high temperature. Nevertheless, for commercial production, this technique has only been successful in a few limited systems, in particular ferroelectric systems. This is mostly because of the difficulty in controlling the microstructure, particularly suppressing grain growth in the polycrystal during its conversion. This article describes the principle and the current status of the solid‐state conversion of single crystals. We first introduce the recently developed principle of microstructural evolution to explain the basis of the microstructure control in polycrystals for solid‐state conversion. We then report recent technical developments in fabricating single crystals by the solid‐state single crystal growth (SSCG) method and their physical properties. The SSCG method is expected to be studied and utilized more widely in fabricating single crystals with complex compositions as a strong alternative to the melt growth and solution growth methods.     

多相分数槽集中绕组表贴式永磁电机谐波电流的确定及其影响

以一台20槽22极的五相分数槽集中绕组表贴式永磁电机为例进行分析。在保持电流有效值不变的前提下,以获得最大平均转矩为目标,采用解析法确定谐波电流分量,并通过有限元法得到验证。此外,对比分析电机在谐波电流注入前后电磁转矩、绕组磁动势、气隙磁密、涡流损耗、径向力波等性能的变化。分析表明,注入谐波电流后电机绕组磁动势出现新的谐波分量(包括低次分量),并导致涡流损耗和最低次径向力波含量增加。分析结果揭示了多相永磁电机设计的重点,为该类电机的设计提供参考。     

按时序特征优化模型后在线选配的超短期风电预测

讨论超短期风电功率预测(USTWPP)模型的适用性。提出的USTWPP方法,从历史数据的风电功率时间序列(WPTS)中筛选特征量,选择门限值,并将短窗口内的WPTS划分为不同形态的子集,以及一个囊括所有不具有排他性分类特征的"非形态子集"。然后在离线环境下,分别按对应的训练样本优化各子集专用的预测模型及参数。在线应用时,将当前时刻前一个短窗口的WPTS与各子集的分类判据比对,以归入上述子集之一,然后调用相应的预测模型完成USTWPP。最后,以实际算例验证了该方法的有效性。