10 Gbit/s optical BPSK homodyne detection experiment with solitaryDFB laser diodes

Solitary DFB laser diodes with 174 kHz beat linewidth are applied to a 10 Gbit/s optical BPSK homodyne detection system for the first time: a sensitivity of -38.9 dBm was achieved. A three-electrode laser forms the local oscillator and is modulated with a partial push-pull scheme to improve its frequency response     

The use of phase diagrams and thermodynamic databases for electronic materials

Phase diagrams and a thermodynamic database constructed by the Calculation of Phase Diagrams approach offer powerful tools for alloy design and materials development. This article presents recent progress on the thermodynamic database for microsolders and copper-based alloys, which is useful for the development of lead-free solders and prediction of interfacial phenomena between solders and the copper substrate in electronic packaging technology. In addition, examples of phase diagram applications are presented to facilitate the development of Co-Cr-based magnetic recording media in hard disks and new ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys. For more information, contact K. Ishida, Tohoku University, Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Aoba-yama 02, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.     

Characterization of C-S-H from Highly Reactive β-Dicalcium Silicate Prepared from Hillebrandite

β-dicalcium silicate synthesized by thermal dissociation of hydrothermally prepared hillebrandite (Ca₂(SiO₃)(OH)₂) exhibits extremely high hydration activity. Characterization of the hydrates obtained and investigation of the hydration mechanism was carried out with the aid of trimethylsilylation analysis, ²⁹Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction, and XRD. The silicate anion structure of C-S-H consisted mainly of a dimer and a single-chain polymer. Polymerization advances with increasing curing temperature and curing time. The C-S-H has an oriented fibrous structure and exhibits a 0.73-nm dreierketten in the longitudinal direction. On heating, the C-S-H dissociates to form β-C₂S. The temperature at which βC₂S begins to form decreases with increasing chain length of the C-S-H or as the Ca/Si ratio becomes higher. The high activity of β-C₂S is due to its large specific surface area and the fact that the hydration is chemical-reaction-rate-controlled until its completion. As a result, the hydration progresses in situ and C-S-H with a high Ca/Si ratio is formed.     

Zeolite synthesis from paper sludge ash with addition of diatomite

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of zeolites from paper sludge ash (PSA) with added diatomite to remove both NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3? for water purification. The PSA had low Si and significant Ca contents. Four types of diatomite: white (T‐W) and brown (T‐B) from deposits of marine origin in Takanosu, and white (S‐W) and gray (S‐G) from lacustrine deposits in Shonai, were added to NaOH solution to increase the Si content and thereby synthesize zeolites with high cation exchange capacity (CEC). RESULTS: The order of the amounts of Si extracted from the diatomite to the alkali solution was S‐W > T‐W = T‐B > S‐G, which correlates with the amorphous SiO₂ content of diatomite. The original ash without addition of diatomite yielded hydroxysodalite with CEC of about 1.0 mmol g^?1. For all samples, the addition of diatomite to the solution yielded zeolite‐P with a higher CEC, but the addition of excess Si inhibited the synthesis of zeolite‐P, and the CEC of the product was low. A product with high CEC including zeolite‐P was obtained in a solution with around 500 mmol L^?1 of Si concentration, and had the ability to remove both NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3?. CONCLUSION: Diatomite has the potential for used as an additive for the synthesis of high CEC zeolite from PSA. The product with zeolite‐P exhibited relatively high CEC, capacity for NH₄⁺ uptake, and the ability to remove PO₄^3? by precipitation, which is preferable for water purification applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Carcinosarcoma of the rectosigmoid colon: report of a case

We report an unusual case of carcinosarcoma of the colon. An 80-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed a large pelvic mass, 18cm in maximal diameter, and barium enema and colonoscopy both showed a type-2 tumor in the sigmoid colon. We performed Hartmann's procedure with resection of the ileocolic segment. Immunohistochemical stains of the resected specimen revealed that most of the tumor consisted of spindle cell sarcoma with neural and muscle differentiation, while only the superficial area of an ulcerated lesion contained adenocarcinoma positive for carcinoembryonic antigen. The patient died of a fast-growing recurrent pelvic tumor 6 months postoperatively. Our experience of this case and our review of eight other cases in the English literature indicate that wide resection provides the best chance of cure, but careful postoperative follow-up is essential.     

A probabilistic simulator for population dynamics of quasispecies

We constructed a probabilistic simulator that allows all the events in population dynamics such as death, birth, mutation, and suppression/stimulation to be described by probabilistic rules. The simulator also facilitates a lattice used for expressing distribution and diversity (number of distinct strains) of quasispecies. The simulator is used to investigate the diversity threshold in HIV and T-cell interaction. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Virtual Fiber Configuration for Dynamic Lightpath Establishment in Large-scaled Optical Networks

Recently, progress has been made in the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Automatic Switched Optical Networks (ASON) standardizations. These technologies realize construction of large-scaled optical networks, interconnections among single-domain Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks, and direct communication over multi-domain WDM networks. Meanwhile, it is known that the topology of the Internet exhibits the power-law attribute. Since the topology of the Internet, which is constructed by interconnecting ASs, exhibits the power-law, there is a possibility that large-scale WDM networks, which are constructed by interconnecting WDM networks, will also exhibit the power-law attribute. One of the structural properties of a topology that adheres to the power-law is that most nodes have just a few links, although some have a tremendous number of them. Another property is that the average distance between nodes is smaller than in a mesh-like network. A natural question is how such a structural property performs in WDM networks. In this paper, we first investigate the property of the power-law attribute of physical topologies for WDM networks. We compare the performance of WDM networks with mesh-like and power-law topologies, and show that links connected to high-degree nodes are bottlenecks in power-law topologies. To relax this, we introduce a concept of virtual fiber, which consists of two or more fibers, and propose its configuration method to utilize wavelength resources more effectively. We compare performances of power-law networks with and without our method by computer simulations. The results show that our method reduces the blocking probabilities by more than one order of magnitude.