Growth time-dependent density and surface evolution of silicon nanowires in a vapor-liquid-solid process

Single crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were grown on Si(100) substrate using a gold (Au)-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach. The dependence of the growth time (i.e., the time of exposure to the Si source) on the density and surface evolution of the grown SiNWs is considered. It was observed that the density of grown SiNWs on Si substrate increased with increasing growth time. The highest density (approximately 1.1 x 10(6) mm(-2)) was reached at 4 hr. Upon further exposure to the Si source, we observed that the density was maintained for up to 9 hr. We suggest that the increased Si chemical potential in Au-Si droplets with increased growth time enhanced the SiNW growth rate at the interfaces between Au-Si droplets and SiNWs, and enhanced the transition of the NWs from the existing Au-Si droplets onto Si substrate. This allows the SiNW density to increase with increased growth time of up to 4 hr. Moreover, we examined the influence of the growth time on surface evolution including Au diffusion, facet and taper formation, and vapor-solid (VS) growth of the SiNWs. To explain the behavior of the grown SiNWs in the VLS process, we propose a combined model using the VLS and VS growth mechanisms.     

Investigation of Potassium Storage in Layered P3‐Type K0.5MnO2 Cathode

Novel and low‐cost batteries are of considerable interest for application in large‐scale energy storage systems, for which the cost per cycle becomes critical. Here, this study proposes K_0.5MnO₂ as a potential cathode material for K‐ion batteries as an alternative to Li technology. K_0.5MnO₂ has a P3‐type layered structure and delivers a reversible specific capacity of ≈100 mAh g^?1 with good capacity retention. In situ X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that the material undergoes a reversible phase transition upon K extraction and insertion. In addition, first‐principles calculations indicate that this phase transition is driven by the relative phase stability of different oxygen stackings with respect to the K content.     

Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/sodium propionate (PP/SP) composite films for bread packaging application

To prolong the shelf life of bread, polypropylene/sodium propionate (PP/SP) composite films were prepared via a melt‐extrusion process. To investigate the feasibility of using PP/SP composite films as a bread packaging material, their chemical structure, morphology, mechanical properties, barrier properties against water, surface properties, and antimicrobial properties were investigated. A storage test for bread was also conducted. The mechanical and thermal stability of the PP/SP composite films enhanced with increasing SP content. Compared with pure PP, the PP/SP composites had increased hydrophilicity that increased with increasing SP content. These composite films showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive microorganisms. This was due to the interaction of SP and water originating from the bread, which modifies the pH of the bread and causes destruction of the cellular structures of fungi and also reduces the growth rate of bacteria. The enhanced thermal, mechanical, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties achieved by the addition of SP can be beneficial for maintaining the freshness of bread and prolonging its shelf life.     

The effect of substrate temperature on Al-doped ZnO characteristics for organic thin film transistor applications

The influence of substrate temperature on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films fabricated by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was investigated. The AZO films were deposited at various substrate temperatures, and the effect of AZO gate electrode conductivity on organic thin film transistor (OTFT) performance was examined. While an increase in the substrate temperature from 100 °C to 300 °C led to an improvement in crystallinity, substrate temperatures over 300 °C caused degradation of the electrical and surface properties. We fabricated OTFTs using AZO films prepared at various substrate temperatures and obtained good device performance. Thus, the performance of an OTFT can be determined by the conductivity of the AZO gate electrode.     

Cactus‐Like Hollow Cu2‐xS@Ru Nanoplates as Excellent and Robust Electrocatalysts for the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The development of Pt‐free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) recently is a focus of great interest. While several strategies are developed to control the structural properties of non‐Pt catalysts and boost their electrocatalytic activities for the HER, the generation of highly reactive defects or interfaces by combining a metal with other metals, or with metal oxides/sulfides, can lead to notably enhanced catalytic performance. Herein, the preparation of cactus‐like hollow Cu_2‐x S@Ru nanoplates (NPs) that contain metal/metal sulfide heterojunctions and show excellent catalytic activity and durability for the HER in alkaline media is reported. The initial formation of Ru islands on presynthesized Cu_1.94S NPs, via cation exchange between three Cu⁺ ions and one Ru³⁺, induces the growth of the Ru phase, which is concomitant with the dissolution of the Cu_1.94S nanotemplate, culminating in the formation of a hollow nanostructure with numerous thin Ru pillars. Hollow Cu_2‐x S@Ru NPs exhibit a small overpotential of 82 mV at a current density of ?10 mA cm^?2 and a low Tafel slope of 48 mV dec^?1 under alkaline conditions; this catalyst is among state‐of‐the‐art HER electrocatalysts in alkaline media. The excellent performance of hollow Cu_2‐x S@Ru NPs originates from the facile dissociation of water in the Volmer step.     

Input output linearization approach to state observer design fornonlinear system

Presents a state observer for a class of nonlinear systems based on the input output linearization. While the previous result presented state observers for nonlinear systems of full relative degree, we proposed a procedure fur the design of nonlinear state observers which do not require the hypothesis of full relative degree. Assuming that there exists a global state observer for internal dynamics and that some functions are globally Lipschitz, we can design a globally convergent state observer. It is also shown that if the zero dynamics are locally exponentially stable, then there exists a local state observer. An example is given to illustrate the proposed design of nonlinear state observers     

Environment Adaptive Localization Method Using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based fingerprinting techniques for indoor positioning can be readily implemented via a wireless access point. These methods have therefore been widely studied in the field of positioning. However, fingerprinting suffers low accuracy of positioning on account of high noise occurrences which are caused by other wireless communication signals and environmental factors when the RSSI is received, and by relatively high errors on account of low position resolution compared to other methods such as time of flight and inertial navigation technology. In this paper, a modified fingerprint algorithm based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth low energy applied to the log-distance path loss model is proposed to remove unnecessary Wi-Fi data, and produce the AP database that can be updated depending on the changes of the ambient environment as the indoor area is increasingly complicated and extended. Instead of using the existing fingerprinting techniques of consulting signal strengths as factors that are stored in a database, the proposed algorithm employs environmental variables to which the log-distance path loss model is applied. Therefore, the proposed algorithm has higher position resolution than existing fingerprint and can improve the accuracy of positioning because of its low dependence on reference points. To minimize database and eliminate inaccurate AP signals, the Hausdorff distance algorithm and median filter are applied. Using a database in which environment variables are stored, the results are inversely transformed into the log-distance path loss model for expression as coordinates. The proposed algorithm was compared with existing fingerprinting methods. The experimental results demonstrated the reduction of positioning improvement by 0.695 m from 2.758 to 2.063 m.     

Highly Customizable All Solution–Processed Polymer Light Emitting Diodes with Inkjet Printed Ag and Transfer Printed Conductive Polymer Electrodes

Inkjet and transfer printing processes are combined to easily form patterned poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films as top anodes of all solution–processed inverted polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) on rigid glass and flexible plastic substrates. An adhesive PEDOT:PSS ink is formulated and fully customizable patterns are obtained using the inkjet printing process. In order to transfer the patterned PEDOT:PSS films, adhesion properties at interfaces during multistep transfer printing processes are carefully adjusted. The transferred PEDOT:PSS film on the plastic substrates shows not only a sheet resistance of 260.6 Ω/□ and a transmittance of 92.1% at 550 nm wavelength but also excellent mechanical flexibility. The PLEDs with spin‐coated functional layers sandwiched between the transferred PEDOT:PSS top anodes and inkjet‐printed Ag bottom cathodes are fabricated. The fabricated PLEDs on the plastic substrates show a high current efficiency of 10.4 cd A^?1 and high mechanical stability. It is noted that because both Ag and PEDOT:PSS electrodes can be patterned with a high degree of freedom via the inkjet printing process, highly customizable PLEDs with various pattern sizes and shapes are demonstrated on the glass and plastic substrates. Finally, with all solution process, a 5 × 7 passive matrix PLED array is demonstrated.     

Col4a3-/- Mice on Balb/C Background Have Less Severe Cardiorespiratory Phenotype and SGLT2 Over-Expression Compared to 129x1/SvJ and C57Bl/6 Backgrounds

Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary renal disorder with no etiological therapy. In the preclinical Col4a3^-/- model of AS, disease progression and severity vary depending on mouse strain. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is emerging as an attractive therapeutic target in cardiac/renal pathologies, but its application to AS remains untested. This study investigates cardiorespiratory function and SGLT2 renal expression in Col4a3^-/- mice from three different genetic backgrounds, 129x1/SvJ, C57Bl/6 and Balb/C. male Col4a3^-/- 129x1/SvJ mice displayed alterations consistent with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Female, but not male, C57Bl/6 and Balb/C Col4a3^-/- mice exhibited mild changes in systolic and diastolic function of the heart by echocardiography. Male C57Bl/6 Col4a3^-/- mice presented systolic dysfunction by invasive hemodynamic analysis. All strains except Balb/C males demonstrated alterations in respiratory function. SGLT2 expression was significantly increased in AS compared to WT mice from all strains. However, cardiorespiratory abnormalities and SGLT2 over-expression were significantly less in AS Balb/C mice compared to the other two strains. Systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated only in mutant 129x1/SvJ mice. The results provide further evidence for strain-dependent cardiorespiratory and hypertensive phenotype variations in mouse AS models, corroborated by renal SGLT2 expression, and support ongoing initiatives to develop SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of AS.