Investigating T Cell Immunity in Cancer: Achievements and Prospects

T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells. However, as tumours become established they form their own suppressive microenvironments capable of shutting down T cell function, and allowing tumours to persist and grow. To further understand the tumour microenvironment, including the interplay between different immune cells and their role in anti-tumour immune responses, a number of studies from mouse models to clinical trials have been performed. In this review, we examine mechanisms utilized by tumour cells to reduce their visibility to CD8⁺ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), as well as therapeutic strategies trialled to overcome these tumour-evasion mechanisms. Next, we summarize recent advances in approaches to enhance CAR T cell activity and persistence over the past 10 years, including bispecific CAR T cell design and early evidence of efficacy. Lastly, we examine mechanisms of T cell infiltration and tumour regression, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies to investigate T cell function in murine tumour models.     

高职百万扩招背景下面向无人机应用技术专业的教学模式探索

面对扩招生源结构的多样化及复杂性,如何实现"更高质量和更充分就业",是当前高职院校面临的重要课题.以新兴产业发展背景下的无人机应用技术专业为例,在学情分析基础上,采用弹性学制下"思政教育强化职业素养、课证照融通提高职业技能"的多元化教学模式进行教学试点,从教学组织形式、教学环境的创设、教学方法的改革等方面研究适应于扩招生源教学模式改革与创新的路径及策略,通过近两年来的探索与实践,取得了初步成效,为同类院校及专业提供了一定的参考.     

Ultrahigh-performance planar β-Ga_2O_3 solar-blind Schottky photodiode detectors

The low dark current, high responsivity and high specific detectivity could be preferably achieved in detectors based on junctions, owing to the efficient constraint of carriers. Compared with the other junctions, planar Schottky junctions have simple structures and technological demands and are easy integrated. Herein, in this work, we prepared the β-Ga_2O_3 thin film by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method to construct planar Ti/β-Ga_2O_3/Ni Schottky photodiode detectors with different onstate resistances. Fortunately, all the devices exhibit state-of-the-art performances, such as responsivity of 175–1372 A W~(-1),specific detectivity of 10~(14) Jones and external quantum efficiency of 85700%–671500%. In addition, the dependences of device performances on the on-state resistances indicate that the higher dark currents, photocurrents and photoresponsivities may well be obtained when on-state resistance is smaller, due to the less external power is used to overcome the impendence and condensance at the Ti/β-Ga_2O_3 and Ni/β-Ga_2O_3 interfaces, but contributing to higher electric current flow both in the dark and under illuminations.     

Efficient photodegradation of phenol assisted by persulfate under visible light irradiation via a nitrogen-doped titanium-carbon composite

To realize the utilization of visible light and improve the photocatalytic efficiency of organic pollutant degradation in wastewater, a nitrogen-doped titanium-carbon composite (N-TiO₂/AC) prepared by sol-gel methods was applied in the photodegradation of phenol assisted by persulfate under visible light irradiation (named N-TiO₂/AC/PS/VIS). The results show that a synergistic effect exists between visible-light photocatalysis and persulfate activation. Compared with TiO₂/PS/VIS, the phenol degradation rate was found to be observably improved by 65% in the N-TiO₂/AC/PS/VIS system. This significant increase in degradation rate was mainly attributed to the following two factors: 1) The N and C doping can change the crystal structure of TiO₂, which extends the TiO₂ absorption wavelength range to the visible light region. 2) As an electron acceptor, PS can not only prevent electrons and holes from recombining with each other but can also generate strong oxidizing radicals such as ∙SO₄^– and ∙OH to accelerate the reaction dynamics. The process of phenol degradation was found to be consistent with the Langmuir pseudo-first-order kinetic model with an apparent rate constant k of 1.73 min^–1. The N-TiO₂/AC/PS/VIS process was proven to be a facile method for pollutant degradation with high pH adaptability, excellent visible-light utilization and good application prospects.     

Importance of Low-Temperature Melt-Mixing on the Construction of Stereocomplex Crystallites with Superior Nucleation Efficiency in Asymmetric Poly(l-lactide)/Poly(d-lactide) Blends

The nucleation efficiency (NE) of stereocomplex crystallites (SCs) formed in asymmetric poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) (PLLA/PDLA) blends is generally unsatisfactory because the competition between stereocomplexation and chain mixing involved in the melt-mixing process can cause low formation efficiency and even severe aggregation of SCs. Herein, it is attempted to achieve high-efficient formation of finely dispersed SCs particles by designing a unique melt-mixing procedure, where the mixing of PLLA with 0.75 wt% PDLA is first performed at elevated temperatures (far above the melting temperature of SCs) to allow the homogeneous mixing of PLLA/PDLA chains and then at a low temperature (slightly above that of homocrystallites) to permit the full stereocomplexation of the premixed chains. It is found that the SCs formed in the blends exhibit unexpectedly low NEs (e.g., 54.5%), much inferior to that (73.6%) in the counterpart without undergoing premixing. This is because the introduction of premixing leads to a remarkable deterioration in the amount of SCs particles formed, despite decreased particle size, highlighting that the direct mixing at low temperatures of 170–180 °C (about 20–30 °C lower than that used in common melt-processing of PLA) is more effective for the construction of SCs with superior NE. The mechanisms for these striking findings are discussed.     

A Dual Physical Cross-Linking Strategy to Construct Tough Hydrogels with High Strength,Excellent Fatigue Resistance,and Stretching-Induced Strengthening Effect

Hydrogels with excellent stiffness, toughness, anti-fatigue, and self-recovery properties are regarded as promising water-containing materials. In this work, a dual physically cross-linked (DPC) sodium alginate (SA)/poly[acrylamide (AAm)-acrylic acid (AAc)-octadecyl methacrylate (OMA)]-Fe³⁺ hydrogel is reported, which is constructed by hydrophobic association (HA) and ionic coordination (IC). The optimal DPC hydrogel demonstrates excellent mechanical performance: tensile modulus of 0.65 MPa, tensile strength of 3.31 MPa, elongation at break of 1547%, and toughness of 27.8 MJ m^–3. SA/P(AAm-AAc-OMA)-Fe³⁺ DPC hydrogels also exhibit prominent anti-fatigue and self-recovery performance (99.1–109.7% modulus recovery and 90.4–108.9% dissipated energy recovery after resting for 5 min without additional stimuli at ambient temperature) through the reconstruction of reversible physical cross-linking. Some of the SA/P(AAm-AAc-OMA)-Fe³⁺ DPC hydrogels even exhibit a stretching-induced strengthening effect, which is similar to the performance of muscle—“the more training, the more strength.” Hence, the combination of HA and IC will provide an effective approach to design DPC hydrogels with desirable mechanical performances and a longer service life for wider applications of soft materials.     

Zirconium-Embedded Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Containing Phosphaphenanthrene-Substituent Group Used as Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resin Composites

A zirconium hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane derivative (Zr–POSS–bisDOPO) is synthesized by the corner-capping and Kabachnik–Fields reactions. It is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and then used as a flame retardant in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to endow epoxy resin (EP) with flame retardancy. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the cured EP/Zr–POSS–bisDOPO composites are investigated. The results show that when Zr–POSS–bisDOPO is added by 5–7 wt%, the EP/Zr–POSS–bisDOPO composites pass the UL-94 V-0 rating test. In addition, they have a better flame-retardant effect than pure EP. The combination of Zr atom embedded in the Si O cubic cage and the two phosphaphenanthrene substituent groups in one corner of cubic cage is expected to realize the Zr/Si/P ternary intramolecular hybrid synergistic effect and achieve the possibility of dispersing metal–POSS cages at a sub-micrometer-scale level into polymer matrix. It also proves that Zr–POSS–bisDOPO produces phosphorus-containing free radicals and terminates the chain reactions in gas phase. Meanwhile the Si O Si and Zr O units are retained in the solid phase, which promote the char formation and enhance the flame retardancy. This kind of Zr-doped POSS will be helpful for developing the new metal–POSS hybrid flame-retardant and polymer composites.     

GM模型的几何性质及统计检验

以空间向量几何理论为基础，详细地分析了Ｇａｕｓｓ－Ｍａｒｋｏｖ线性模型的几何性质；在实现了模型图形化描述的基础上，利用各解向量的几何及统计性质构造出了不同情形下的统计检验方法和相应的检验统计量，为全面、深入地研究和灵活运用该模型提出了一种简洁直观的数学方法     

水压环形缝隙泄漏量的试验研究

在水压系统环形缝隙泄漏试验基础上，对圆柱形配合状态下的缝隙泄漏量进行了理论和试验对比研究，分析了两者的变化规律。得出的结果可以为水压元件的设计提供试验依据。     

用攀枝花钛矿和云南钛矿冶炼钛渣工业试验研究

通过磁性测量和X-射线衍射研究了Gd2(Co，Al)17化合物的结构和磁晶各向异性。当x≤4时，样品具有菱方Th2znl7型结构，x=5时，具有六方CaCu5型结构。随着Al浓度增加，晶格常数和单胞体积单调增大，而居里温度和自发磁化强度近似线性地减小；在x≥l时，观察到Co亚点阵的磁晶各向异性变号，室温易磁化方向由易面转变为易轴，且易轴各向异性场和各向异性常数随Al原子浓度增加出现极大值；基于补偿温度(65K)下自由粉末颗粒的磁化曲线，导出了亚点阵间的分子场系数和Gd-co交换耦合常数，结果表明，Al原子对Gd-Co交换耦合作用的影响较小。根据Al原子在Co亚点阵4种晶位的择优占位，分析了磁晶各向异性的演变。